Brian Howard struck his fourth goal of the season to help Barnsley to a narrow victory, despite a late comeback charge from Plymouth at Oakwell.
Istvan Ferenczi opened the scoring for the hosts with a simple tap-in from Kayode Odejayi's cross, before Dominik Werling's rifled free-kick made it two.
Howard's bullet header then effectively wrapped up the victory on the hour.
Barry Hayles and Nick Chadwick both tapped in from close range to reduce the deficit, but it was not enough.
Barnsley boss Simon Davey:
"For 60 minutes we played very well. We've got a lot of new players and it does take time for them to settle in and know exactly what each other's attributes are.
"But I'm pleased. They stood strong and they got the points that they deserved.
"We've got a group of players together now that we feel are a lot more competitive in this division and they've shown that today. It's starting to come together nicely."
Plymouth manager Ian Holloway:
"I didn't like what I saw. Simple as that. The whole ethos of what we're all about was wrong.
"We ended up far too deep and didn't get pressure on the ball like we should
do and we didn't penetrate or hurt them until late in the second half.
"It didn't look like my team out there. I've got a decent team when they work hard for each other and when they press and close, but when we drop off we can't defend.
Barnsley: Muller, Nyatanga, Foster, Souza, Kozluk, Johnson, Howard, De Silva, Werling (Ricketts 71), Odejayi (Christensen 57), Ferenczi.
Subs Not Used: Colgan, McCann, Mostto.
Booked: Ferenczi, Howard.
Goals: Ferenczi 12, Werling 45, Howard 60.
Plymouth: Larrieu, Connolly, Doumbe (Ebanks-Blake 62), Sawyer, Seip, Nalis, Norris, Buzsaky (Abdou 62), Halmosi, Hayles, Fallon (Chadwick 63).
Subs Not Used: Timar, Hodges.
Booked: Seip, Hayles.
Goals: Hayles 63, Chadwick 68.
Att: 9,240.
Ref: Barry Knight (Kent).
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