Correspondent: Gun Traffic Tx Date: 7th December 2003 This script was made from audio tape – any inaccuracies are due to voices being unclear or inaudible 10.00.00 Correspondent Theme Music 10.00.10 Gunfire/music 10.00.21 David Akinsanya The world is awash with guns. 10.00.23 Gunfire/music 10.00.25 David Akinsanya Six hundred and thirty million and growing by at least eight million a year. 10.00.28 Gunfire/music 10.00.32 David Akinsanya It’s never been easier to get hold of a gun. 10.00.34 Music 10.00.39 David Akinsanya I’m going on a journey to find out how guns can be shipped around the world. Into the hands of criminals, rebel groups and oppressive regimes under arms embargoes. 10.00.48 Music 10.00.52 Alex Vines Any of these from the government that you captured? 10.00.54 Captain Yes. 10.00.57 Alex Vines That’s interesting. 10.00.57 Music 10.01.00 David Akinsanya I want to get inside the secret world of the illicit arms trade as it cheats its way across borders. 10.01.05 Music 10.01.09 David Akinsanya And I want to find out how wars we’ve seen fought out on our televisions can come back to haunt us with weapons fuelling new conflicts and getting into the hands of criminals. 10.01.17 Music 10.01.19 Police helicopter pilot They’ve pointed some semi-automatic weapon at the police vehicle. 10.01.23 Music 10.01.28 David Akinsanya It’s a dirty business. And it’s out of control. 10.01.35 Aston DAVID AKINSANYA These things scare me to death. They kill about half a million people a year; mainly innocent civilians. 10.01.40 Gunfire 10.01.43 David Akinsanya Forget nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. This is the weapon of mass destruction. 10.01.48 Music 10.01.48 Title Page GUN TRAFFIC 10.01.53 Music 10.01.58 David Akinsanya Most guns start life legally. This is Kragujevic in Serbia; an industrial town in the former Eastern block. 10.02.05 Music 10.02.09 David Akinsanya And at its heart is an arms factory. The Zastava brand of guns has a proud hundred and fifty year history here and it supports thousands of local families. 10.02.19 Music 10.02.21 David Akinsanya The arms factory is one of many in Eastern Europe whose markets have evaporated along with the Cold War. 10.02.26 Music 10.02.30 David Akinsanya I’ve come to take a look around. My guide is marketing manager Rade Gromovic; keen to show off his full range of guns on sale to the global market. 10.02.39 Music 10.02.40 David Akinsanya This factory makes sporting guns and pistols but it’s made its name producing high quality military hardware. 10.02.47 Rade Gromovic This is our basic model of Kalashnikov system; this is the model M seventy… 10.02.52 David Akinsanya So this was the famous Kalashnikov; the world’s most popular assault rifle. Over sixteen million have been made, many at this factory. 10.02.59 Music 10.03.02 David Akinsanya It’s quite heavy. 10.03.03 Rade Gromovic Yeah, about three point seven kilograms. 10.03.05 David Akinsanya And you hold it like that? 10.03.06 Music 10.03.09 David Akinsanya I wasn’t very keen but Mr Gromovic convinced me to test out the hardware. 10.03.15 David Akinsanya …and just squeeze it. 10.03.16 Rade Gromovic Just squeeze the trigger. 10.03.17 Gunshots/music 10.03.25 David Akinsanya If anyone was counting this gun probably kills more people a year than any other type. 10.03.29 Music 10.03.36 David Akinsanya The kick off that was just…and very loud. 10.03.40 Rade Gromovic You never; you never shot before. 10.03.41 David Akinsanya Never shot a gun before. 10.03.42 Rade Gromovic Really? 10.03.43 David Akinsanya Never. No. 10.03.44 Rade Gromovic It’s not need to, to squeeze the gun. Just, just like a girl! 10.03.53 David Akinsanya Just press nice and slowly, ok. 10.03.54 Rade Gromovic Yes. 10.03.55 Music 10.03.59 David Akinsanya But the salesroom chat is a different story to the reality in conflicts around the world; where guns like this are used for real. 10.04.06 Music/gunfire 10.04.12 David Akinsanya There are no Kalashnikov factories here in West Africa but there’s no shortage of weapons to keep the killing alive. 10.04.17 Music/gunfire 10.04.20 Aston Dr OWEN GREENE University of Bradford Unfortunately there are so many weapons in the world that wherever conflicts are brewing the rebel groups and armed groups are finding it relatively easy to ship the weapons. 10.04.28 Music 10.04.29 David Akinsanya So how do legally produced arms end up in conflicts like this? This is Liberia where an international arms embargo is in force. 10.04.37 Music 10.04.40 David Akinsanya I want to discover how easy it is to set up an illicit arms deal and I want to find out what controls there are over the international arms trade. 10.04.48 Music 10.04.51 Dr Owen Greene It’s not often clear who’s able to authorise what deal and so we have the problem that we have the legal trade, the black market trade but the great majority of it is a grey market trade. 10.05.05 David Akinsanya In these dirty conflicts children are often the victims. Two million children have died in the last decade and five million disabled. They’re also forced to do much of the fighting. 10.05.19 Alex Vines The pictures of chid soldiers which are now such a widespread problem in West Africa can’t make you but angry. These soldiers are very much underage, we’re talking about twelve, thirteen, fourteen year olds, they should be at school, they shouldn’t be fighting. And the ease that guns are entering into their hands is something that’s just very, very disgusting. 10.05.42 David Akinsanya I met Alex Vines at his London office. He’s an expert on a United Nations panel investigating whether its arms embargo in Liberia has been working. He’s trying to trace where the guns which have flooded into the region have come from. 10.05.55 Alex Vines Most of these are automatic AK47s that these kids have. The UN investigations into sanction busting in Liberia predominantly it’s been Eastern European weaponry, mostly from companies like Slovakia, from the former Yugoslavia that have, that have ended up in, in Liberia. 10.06.15 Music 10.06.17 David Akinsanya The trade is handled by middlemen or brokers. There are loads of them scattered around the world. 10.06.22 Music 10.06.28 David Akinsanya Their expertise; connecting those desperate to buy with those willing to sell. 10.06.32 Music 10.06.40 David Akinsanya Alex is onto a big case of illegal gun trafficking from Eastern Europe to Liberia. 10.06.44 Music 10.06.47 Alex Vines We think there’s been six shipments of weapons by plane to Liberia from Belgrade. We need to prove this because what we’re after is A, to document how this sanction busting occurred but B, our objective is to get a prosecution here. 10.07.04 Music 10.07.07 David Akinsanya And in the frame is a company called Temex based in Belgrade, Serbia. Alex suspects they’re illicit arms brokers doing deals using fake paperwork. 10.07.18 David Akinsanya The first thing he has to do is find the evidence on the ground; that means a trip to West Africa. 10.07.24 Music 10.07.26 David Akinsanya His journey begins in Sierra Leone; a country next door to Liberia. 10.07.30 Music 10.07.37 David Akinsanya A UN peacekeeping force keeps order. Gun trafficking has fuelled conflict here. In Liberia rebels have been fighting the government for control of the country. 10.07.46 Music 10.07.49 David Akinsanya It was too dangerous for Alex to travel in Liberia but he can reach its border areas safely through Sierra Leone and find out what guns are getting there. 10.07.58 Alex Vines I’m part of the panel of experts on Liberia so we’re looking at implementation on the UN sanctions on Liberia which includes the arms embargo so that’s why we’re here and any help you can give us we’d most appreciate. 10.08.13 Soldier You’re welcome. As far as this place is concerned there is no problem. 10.08.17 Alex Vines Thank you. 10.08.23 David Akinsanya This is Manu River Bridge where three countries meet. 10.08.26 Music 10.08.29 David Akinsanya On the far side is a region of Liberia held by the rebels who have been fighting the government forces of Charles Taylor for control of the country. The middle of the bridge is fenced off as neutral Guinean territory so the two sides can meet and talk. 10.08.50 Alex Vines I really just want to see how things are. Are you the commander here? 10.08.56 Captain …I in charge. 10.08.57 Alex Vines You’re in charge. 10.08.58 Captain Yeah, I in charge. 10.08.58 Alex Vines What’s your name and rank? 10.08.59 Captain I’m Johnson Timofia. 10.09.01 Alex Vines So what are you? What’s your position? 10.09.04 Captain I’m a captain. 10.09.05 Alex Vines You’re a captain. And you’re in charge of everybody here because the General is not here? 10.09.09 Captain Yes. 10.09.10 Alex Vines Are any of these from the government that you captured? 10.09.12 Captain Yeah. 10.09.13 Alex Vines Are they? Can I have a look at them? 10.09.14 Captain Yeah, you can look. 10.09.16 Alex Vines Yeah. Yeah. So. So these come from the government originally and you take them. 10.09.21 Captain Yeah these from Taylor government. 10.09.23 Alex Vines Taylor government. Yeah, yeah. So, can I look at the numbers? 10.09.30 David Akinsanya He wants to check the serial numbers. He needs to see where the guns may have come from. 10.09.40 Alex Vines That’s interesting. 10.09.42 David Akinsanya The detail of serial numbers will help him to link the guns to particular batches made at factories and trace who sold the guns through official paperwork. 10.09.51 Alex Vines It’s here, two thousand and two, M seventy, A B two, seven, nine, nine, seven, one, five. What does this say? URJ. I think this is our Yugoslav gun. 10.10.08 David Akinsanya The serial number seemed clear. Alex could have stumbled on a link to the arms shipments he was interested in. 10.10.17 Alex Vines That’s very important, this. Because I think this may give us our Belgrade link. URJ. 10.10.23 Music 10.10.24 David Akinsanya The investigation is going well. Alex has his first solid evidence for his report for the UN Security Council. 10.10.30 Music 10.10.34 David Akinsanya Next is a long trek by road to a border area close to the fighting itself. 10.10.40 David Akinsanya This time helped by Liberian government troops. 10.10.44 Alex Vines That’s welcome to Liberia then is it? Good, that’s what I want to see. 10.10.49 Music 10.10.52 David Akinsanya Among the government soldiers are very young boys carrying very big guns. Guns which look familiar. 10.10.58 Music 10.11.01 David Akinsanya Alex manages to persuade them to let him have a look at them. 10.11.07 Alex Vines That’s my favourite gun. It’s new too. This one’s the best. That one there won’t jam. 10.11.16 Alex Vines There’s one new gun that we’ve got a serial number now and an identification which we’ll try and match. It looks as if it might have come from the, from Yugoslavia and a couple of other weapons too that were kind of interesting. The commander himself didn’t say very much but the weapons had a story to tell. 10.11.32 Alex Vines Ok thanks. That’s a good football team from England. That one is a very good one. 10.11.42 Music 10.11.57 David Akinsanya Another day and Alex arrives at an army base where Liberian government troops have given themselves up and handed over their weapons. 10.12.07 Alex Vines The same; URJ again as we got on the bridge. 10.12.16 Alex Vines The nice thing here is that you have new weapons that have come in, these are of Yugoslav manufacture, the majority of these. So this is probably as close as you can get to the match of the, all the paperwork and then finding the actual produce itself, the weapons, on the ground and now they’ve just come over here. 10.12.39 David Akinsanya Alex and his team have gathered detailed evidence of guns fresh from the battlefield. Many are date stamped two thousand and two suggesting they were delivered during the arms embargo. The markings are from Serbia in the former Yugoslavia. 10.12.56 David Akinsanya So Alex’s next mission is to tackle the authorities in Belgrade and find the broker who trafficked them. 10.13.02 Music 10.13.09 David Akinsanya Belgrade; Serbia’s capital. It’s a city buzzing with political intrigue and armed police after the President was shot dead earlier this year. 10.13.18 Music 10.13.23 David Akinsanya I arrived to try and find out who controls the arms industry here and to catch up with Alex. I want to know how his Liberian evidence would go down with the authorities. 10.13.31 Music 10.13.38 David Akinsanya The government had agreed to meet Alex and his team. He wants to show them his evidence that newly made Serbian guns have turned up in West Africa. And he wants answers about how this has happened in breach of the UN arms embargo. 10.13.51 Government spokesman I’d just like to say that I’m very glad to have you here, both you and your colleagues… 10.13.57 David Akinsanya The UN panel carries political clout and the government seemed prepared to help. 10.14.03 David Akinsanya We weren’t allowed to stay in the meeting but Alex hoped to get confirmation the guns had been supplied by a broker in Belgrade. He also wanted to know if the guns had come from a particular factory. The Zastava factory; the one where I’d shot a Kalashnikov. 10.14.18 Music 10.14.21 David Akinsanya It’s a factory with a lot of history but an uncertain future. 10.14.25 Music 10.14.33 David Akinsanya Because their guns were used by the Yugoslav army and police during ethnic cleansing in Kosovo, the factory became a NATO target. It was bombed in nineteen ninety-nine. 10.14.44 Music 10.14.53 David Akinsanya The director showed me the section of the factory where they’d been hit. 10.14.59 Dorde Nestorovic Subtitles In the areas which were hit… we were manufacturing vital parts for Kalashnikovs. 10.15.07 Aston DORDE NESTOROVIC General Director Voce over We showed great team solidarity and managed despite all the damage, to resume normal production by November nineteen ninety-nine. 10.15.15 Music 10.15.16 David Akinsanya The factory made an amazing recovery and soon restarted Kalashnikov production. But falling orders has seen the workforce slashed. 10.15.23 Music 10.15.31 David Akinsanya All held together by little pins, by these little pins. 10.15.33 Dorde Nestorovic Yes. 10.15.35 David Akinsanya I wanted to know what they thought about guns from the factory ending up in conflict zones like Liberia. 10.15.41 David Akinsanya As a company do you have any control over where the guns end up? 10.15.47 Dorde Nestorovic Voice over In all my time here there hasn’t been a single occasion when weapons have been sold in contravention of the rules. I haven’t done a single transaction which didn’t have the correct paperwork. In my view this is more than sufficient to ensure that sales are above board. 10.16.05 David Akinsanya As far as they were concerned if the buyer has the right paperwork from a legitimate client their weapons get sold. 10.16.14 Rade Gromovic And, as you can see, the pistol are completely ready for final testing. Yes. 10.16.20 Music 10.16.24 David Akinsanya Alex had finished his meeting with the government. 10.16.26 Music 10.16.29 David Akinsanya They’d confirmed to him that the Liberian guns had indeed come from the Zastava factory. 10.16.33 Music 10.16.35 David Akinsanya So this is the evidence that you’ve got that the guns that were made here in Belgrade have definitely ended up in West Africa. 10.16.42 Alex Vines That’s right. I mean this is an example of an M seventy which is a Serbian version of the AK forty-seven. These M seventies all come from one factory in Serbia. 10.16.52 David Akinsanya And how can you tell they’re from here? 10.16.54 Alex Vines Well, it’s the serial number in particular. The M seventy is the make of the gun here from one factory in this country. 10.17.02 Music 10.17.03 David Akinsanya This was the Zastava factory. And the guns are the same type as the Kalashnikov I fired during my visit there. 10.17.10 Gunshot 10.17.12 Alex Vines We’ve found that Liberia is awash with these guns. They’re in the possession of the government forces of Liberia but we’ve also found that the rebels in Liberia fighting the government are also in possession of these because they’ve captured them from the government. And we have date marks… 10.17.28 David Akinsanya But how did the guns get from the factory to Liberia in breach of a UN arms embargo? 10.17.34 David Akinsanya The meeting with the Serbian government confirmed to Alex that the answer lay with the broker Temex and a trail of fake paperwork. 10.17.41 Music 10.17.47 David Akinsanya I decided to check them out. 10.17.51 David Akinsanya Temex already had form. 10.17.55 David Akinsanya A Belgrade newspaper had revealed they’d been involved in helping Iraq to develop missiles against the UN arms embargo. 10.18.03 David Akinsanya The deal was discovered last year and stopped. 10.18.09 David Akinsanya It’s clear Temex has been a big player in the world of arms brokering. 10.18.15 David Akinsanya Alex would have to tackle them next to complete his investigation. 10.18.18 Music 10.18.21 David Akinsanya But what paperwork would a broker like Temex need for an arms deal and how easy is it to forge? 10.18.28 Johan Peleman So, it remains relatively easy to set up an arms deal. You just need… 10.18.35 David Akinsanya I went to see a colleague of Alex’s to find out. Johan Peleman has worked for the UN on numerous arms broker investigations. 10.18.45 Johan Peleman …and the key document is an end-user, an end-user certificate. 10.18.50 David Akinsanya An end-user certificate is a broker’s documentary proof that he is working for a legitimate buyer. It’s issued by the government of the country where the guns will end up and it’s meant to be a guarantee that the guns don’t get into the wrong hands. 10.19.04 Johan Peleman I can show you some examples of an end-user certificates… 10.19.07 David Akinsanya The factory and the broker need to present it to their own government to be able to legally export the arms. 10.19.13 Johan Peleman We’ve seen literally tens of these for lists of equipment that go from small arms to ammunition to even aircrafts, spare parts for helicopters. 10.19.25 David Akinsanya It just looks like a simple piece of paper. It looks like you could easily forge it. 10.19.28 Johan Peleman Most of these documents were forged. The dealer in case had obtained an original document and then started cutting and pasting, used the fake stamp, used the fake signature and obtained massive quantities of weapons in return for these documents from all different countries in Eastern Europe, in central Asia, in central… 10.19.52 David Akinsanya Because there’s no standard form for end-user certificates it’s difficult for authorities to tell if a document is real or not. 10.19.59 Johan Peleman It’s the cutting and pasting it shows you how easy it is and how it is done. You just need a pair of scissors basically. 10.20.07 David Akinsanya This is the end-user certificate Temex used for the Liberian deal. It appears the arms are going to Nigeria, a perfectly legal deal. But it’s a forgery. The Nigerian government has categorically denied issuing the document. 10.20.25 David Akinsanya Now I’ve just heard that the UN investigators have managed to get a meeting with Temex. Now I’m sure this is because of pressure from the authorities and I’m also sure it’s going to be an interesting meeting. We’re going to go down there and see what happens and see if they’ll talk to us as well. 10.20.37 Music 10.20.42 David Akinsanya Early next morning we were outside the Temex offices waiting for the UN to arrive. 10.20.46 Music 10.20.50 David Akinsanya As we sat in our car we got a taste of just how Temex operates. 10.20.54 Music 10.20.55 David Akinsanya And then somebody else is coming behind him. 10.21.08 David Akinsanya They’d seen us filming through their security cameras and they weren’t happy about it. 10.21.14 Translator He wants the tape that you are taping. 10.21.17 Producer If you tell him that we’re filming the UN arriving. 10.21.20 Translator Yeah, I said this. 10.21.21 Producer That’s all we’re doing. 10.21.23 Translator He wants the tape. 10.21.24 Producer We haven’t taped anything. 10.21.26 Translator He wants the tape, either he will crash your camera. 10.21.31 Producer Better give him the tape, better give him the tape. 10.21.37 David Akinsanya We’ve just come from the Temex building. Basically we turned up there to film the UN arriving and hopefully to have a chat with the chap who runs the company. But before we got the chance to do that some massive guy, I mean he was like a monster, came out and demanded we hand over the tape or he was going to smash the camera up. At one point he opened my door and I was seriously worried that he was going to grab me and pull me out of the car. So unfortunately we’ve had to let the tape go and it’ll be interesting to see what, how Alex gets on with these people because they were serious and to me, they seem like gangsters. 10.22.13 Music 10.22.16 David Akinsanya I caught up with Alex later that evening. 10.22.18 Music 10.22.21 David Akinsanya Hi Alex, how are you? 10.22.22 Alex Vines Yeah all right. 10.22.23 David Akinsanya How did it go with Temex today? 10.22.25 Alex Vines Well we had a good meeting. They did seem a bit worried by a television crew outside. They asked us about that. But we, they settled down and then we went, got to business and discussed the issues that we needed to talk about. 10.22.39 David Akinsanya We managed to contact Temex later and owner Slobodan Tesic denied any wrongdoing saying the arms were legitimately exported to Nigeria. But Alex believes he’s got a cast iron case against Temex; enough for a successful prosecution. If so it will be the first time ever a broker has been punished for breaking a UN arms embargo. 10.22.59 Alex Vines Temex has played a pivotal role in the events that we’ve been following related to the sanction busting in Liberia, so it was, it was important. 10.23.07 David Akinsanya Well we met them just before you and they came across to us, I mean like gangsters… 10.23.11 David Akinsanya The UN has named and shamed numerous brokers but can only pass on evidence to national governments and rely on them to prosecute. 10.23.20 David Akinsanya The trouble is few countries, Serbia included, have specific laws covering arms dealing let alone the breaking of UN arms embargos. 10.23.36 David Akinsanya I went to ask the Serbian government what action they planned to take. 10.23.44 David Akinsanya Given the findings of the panel, is there anything you can do with a company like Temex who have obviously given false paperwork. 10.23.53 Aston Colonel ZORAN KARIC Ministry of Defence Voice over Yes, we are in contact with the UN panel and on the basis of the evidence we are hoping to bring these companies and those individuals before the court. 10.24.06 Music 10.24.09 David Akinsanya I tracked down one of the planes Temex used to ship the arms. It was an old British Caledonian passenger plane parked at Maastricht airport for repairs. 10.24.19 Music 10.24.21 David Akinsanya Temex is just one of scores of brokers willing to ship illicit arms. And there are plenty of cargo jet companies willing to deliver the shipments at the right price to conflict zones. 10.24.32 Music 10.24.35 David Akinsanya Big old things. 10.24.37 David Akinsanya Arms dealing is a murky moral world and few people want to talk openly. It’s not clear what’s definitely legal and what’s not. 10.24.44 Music 10.24.46 David Akinsanya Two UK figures connected to the arms business agreed to fill me in on the trade. 10.24.51 Music/phone ringing 10.24.57 Mick Ranger I wouldn’t really like to say how many guns I’ve sold over the years, certainly tens of thousands. I shouldn’t think it’s got up to a hundred thousand yet but it might have done, I really don’t know. 10.25.06 Aston MICK RANGER Arms Dealer I sell arms and associated equipment to police forces, governments, military units, basically anyone that can produce the correct documentation that is acceptable to the exporting country, or the exporting authority, if it’s going from the UK. 10.25.21 David Akinsanya Getting the right paperwork for a deal to go ahead is one thing but what about the moral responsibility of where the guns end up. 10.25.27 Mick Ranger We sell guns to legitimate people, legitimate governments and if they pass them on to these groups then that’s, cannot be our responsibility. We can only go by the documentation that’s presented to us, not by what might happen to the guns afterwards. 10.25.40 Music 10.25.41 David Akinsanya But as the Temex case shows, paperwork doesn’t guarantee that arms shipments won’t end up in the wrong hands. Brian Martin has decades of experience as a cargo pilot often operating in conflict zones. 10.25.55 Brian Martin These are boxes of rockets. 10.25.59 David Akinsanya He’s been shot at in Africa and imprisoned in South America. 10.26.03 Brian Martin I think they’re something to do with the Patriot missiles that they used. 10.26.06 David Akinsanya Don’t you ever get scared when you’ve got all that ammo on board? 10.26.09 Brian Martin No, no, it’s, this is well, well packed. 10.26.13 Aston BRIAN MARTIN Pilot Sometimes you carry what you call a split load. You probably carry some of the aid nurses, the doctors, probably the politicians of the country, you carry the troops and you carry the ammo and you probably carry some medical supplies as well. 10.26.34 David Akinsanya So this is your paperwork. 10.26.38 David Akinsanya Brian told me how he’d flown arms to Armenia using false paperwork. 10.26.43 Brian Martin It just says forty tonnes but that, that, that definitely was arms. 10.26.48 David Akinsanya So, on the paper it all looks completely kosher but actually… 10.26.51 Brian Martin Exactly, yeah. 10.26.54 David Akinsanya There’s a whole circle of pilots and air cargo firms known to the brokers who are willing to get involved in illicit arms deliveries. 10.27.02 David Akinsanya Their motivation is simple; they’re paid more than for normal cargo. 10.27.09 Brian Martin If I don’t deliver them somebody else will. We have an aircraft, we have to pay for it and so on so we take all the work we can and there’s a lot of companies around that may be very legitimate now and in their time they’ve also done it. So, it doesn’t, doesn’t bother me at all really. 10.27.37 David Akinsanya But leafy England is a long way from where the guns are usually sold. And once they’re out there nobody’s going to ask for them back even if the fighting stops. 10.27.55 David Akinsanya Guns like this last a long time and that’s a big problem especially in areas where there’s been conflict as it’s really difficult to round them afterwards and the guns often end up in the wrong hands. 10.28.06 Police helicopter pilot 10.28.10 Pilot Be aware traffic car, he is armed. 10.28.12 David Akinsanya Powerful military weapons from war zones are finding their way into criminal hands here. Take this case near Manchester. Police are locked in a desperate chase. An armed robber aims a Kalashnikov assault rifle at British police officers. 10.28.30 Pilot They’ve pointed some semi-automatic weapon at the police vehicle. 10.28.36 David Akinsanya Lancashire constable David Bentley thought he was dealing with a simple stolen vehicle. 10.28.42 David Bentley As we came round the corner here, the guy came running out and opened fire. He ran back into the, the side street there and we could hear the helicopter above. On the radio they told us to stay where we were and they would follow the vehicle from where it went. 10.29.00 David Akinsanya The gunman was eventually arrested after shooting five innocent bystanders. He got eight life sentences. 10.29.06 Police helicopter pilot 10.29.12 Aston PC DAVID BENTLEY The fact that this guy was carrying a Kalashnikov was extremely terrifying, they’re a very dangerous assault rifle with a very high powered bullet and it’s a constant worry for all officers that whenever they stop a car, whenever they speak to a person they’ve got to be aware that this person might be carrying firearms. 10.29.28 Music 10.29.30 David Akinsanya Ten years ago such devastating military weapons in the hands of UK criminals was unheard of. 10.29.38 Aston MARTIN PEGLER Royal Armouries This is the AK forty-seven, the Kalashnikov. It’s extremely effective in the hands of unskilled troops because it takes an absolute minimum of training to get somebody to learn how to use one of these. Drop the safety catch off, cock it and the weapon is ready to fire. The bullet itself tends to tumble when it hits the human body so it creates very severe wounds and it’s also because of its weight and its power it will smash limbs. It’s an extremely effective short range assault weapon. 10.30.07 Music 10.30.09 David Akinsanya There’s a huge number of uncontrolled weapons right on the borders of Western Europe and the Balkans. 10.30.13 Music 10.30.18 David Akinsanya There, as in West Africa, recent wars have left military guns spread throughout the region. 10.30.25 Music 10.30.27 David Akinsanya Albania; Europe’s poorest country. A country with a deeply ingrained gun culture. It’s a tradition that every male head of family should own a gun to protect the family or clan. 10.30.39 Music 10.30.42 David Akinsanya This is Tirana, the capital of Albania. Five years ago during the troubles here over half a million guns were stolen from army stores. It’s said that one in every two families still has an illegal weapon so I’ve come to find out what’s going on. 10.30.55 Music 10.30.58 David Akinsanya In nineteen ninety-seven the population rose up against a corrupt government as their economy collapsed. There was widespread rioting and the people stripped army stores of their military weapons. Almost two thousand were shot dead in the following few months. 10.31.14 David Akinsanya The repercussions are still being tackled six years later as I was to find out. 10.31.20 Siren/music 10.31.29 Policeman Subtitles The control room has just told us there has been a murder. We have a description of the suspects and the car. 10.31.38 David Akinsanya One of Albania’s richest businessmen had been shot dead with a Kalashnikov rifle by two men dressed as police officers. They were seen fleeing in a light coloured car. Police immediately launched a city- wide manhunt and set up road blocks. 10.31.52 Music 10.31.56 David Akinsanya Organised mafia-style crime has mushroomed in Albania. The murder rate is fifty times that in Britain. Local people have little confidence that the police can control it. 10.32.13 Policeman Subtitles We’ve set up checkpoints at all entry and exit points in Tirana. We’ll be able to tell you more later... but right now, if you’ll excuse me, I have to go. Thank you. 10.32.29 David Akinsanya Although they’d been set up in minutes, police road blocks failed. The killers had obviously escaped and may never be caught. 10.32.38 David Akinsanya So Tirana’s a difficult place to police? 10.32.41 David Akinsanya The next morning I was invited to take a tour of the city with Tirana’s Chief of Police. 10.32.48 Colonel Ilirian Zylyftari …but there are evidences, very good that we know how much money… 10.32.52 David Akinsanya He told me tackling organised crime was his biggest problem. And he explained how the government and police had tried to get people to hand in weapons. 10.33.02 Aston Colonel ILIRIAN ZYLYFTARI Tirana Police It was for three years a kind of amnesty that mean that everyone that has a weapon can, can bring it in the police station and no one and he was not subject of the law. 10.33.20 David Akinsanya Few people handed in guns despite the amnesty. In desperation the Albanian President appealed to the UN for help. They set up a ‘Guns for Development’ scheme to give people an extra motive to part with their weapons. It was a lottery; the village or community handing in the most weapons would be winners. I went to Petrela just outside Tirana to see the end results. 10.33.44 David Akinsanya This village handed in more guns per head of population than most others. And what they got for that was a brand new square and a renovated school. 10.33.51 Music 10.33.56 David Akinsanya All’s peaceful here now but back in nineteen ninety- seven it was very different. 10.34.03 Villager 1 Voice over I took guns just like everybody else did. You can see the military depot from here. Everybody raided it; there was a lot of confusion. 10.34.13 Music 10.34.15 Villager 2 Voice over Everyone was taking guns and boxes of bullets home. I did the same just like everybody else. 10.34.21 Music 10.34.24 David Akinsanya But as the situation calmed down people began to feel safe again. 10.34.28 Music 10.34.33 Villager 2 Voice over Since no-one was attacking us we handed them in. 10.34.37 Villager 1 Voice over I handed in all the guns, honestly. Honestly. All I have is one hunting rifle with a proper licence. I had two Kalashnikovs and two grenades, which I detonated to catch fish in the nearby river. 10.34.50 Music 10.34.52 David Akinsanya The prospect of winning a major slice of UN development cash persuaded many. 10.34.59 Villager 1 Voice over We didn’t have faith in the whole thing. We thought they’d just take our guns and nothing would come of it. But as you can see for yourself it’s a real pleasure to come here now. 10.35.15 David Akinsanya The weapons collections were targeted at communities of reasonable people who only wanted guns for their security. 10.35.23 David Akinsanya Persuading criminals to give up their arms voluntarily has been a non-starter. So far only around a third of looted weapons have been accounted for. So what’s happened to the rest? 10.35.38 Music 10.35.40 David Akinsanya I’m heading for the town of Kukes in Albania’s notoriously lawless northern region. 10.35.44 Music 10.35.53 David Akinsanya Many of the guns were collected from around Albania and shipped up here to be secretly stockpiled. People wanted them ready for any war in Kosovo just across the border. 10.36.02 Music 10.36.09 David Akinsanya It’s a tough journey but eventually I see Kukes in the distance, an isolated rural town perched in the middle of breathtaking mountains. 10.36.20 David Akinsanya At a lunch stop I did a quick catch up on official advice for travellers in this region. 10.36.28 David Akinsanya I’m just reading through this advice leaflet from the US State Department. Basically it’s talking about how dangerous it is in this part of Albania. They’re talking about a lot of armed crime, they’re talking about carjackings with guns, and one of the things they mention is four by four vehicles they’re quite popular and we’re in a four by four vehicle so I hope we’re ok. It says basically if anyone demands it you should surrender without any resistance. So it looks, makes quite scary reading. 10.36.53 Music 10.37.02 David Akinsanya Kukes is a very different place to Tirana. It’s here where the gun culture is most firmly embedded. Clan feuds which end in shootings are common. Few weapons have been handed back here. People are poor and unemployment is high. 10.37.20 David Akinsanya Just arrived in Kukes. It’s taken us seven hours to get here. I’ve got some important meetings, it is the frontline. I know that everybody round here’s a bit edgy so I’m hoping that everyone’s going to turn up. We’ve arranged some meetings to find out a bit more about what goes on here. 10.37.34 Music 10.37.40 David Akinsanya As a black man I stuck out like a sore thumb. I was obviously a stranger in town. 10.37.45 Music 10.37.46 David Akinsanya Due mol. 10.37.48 David Akinsanya Not many outsiders come to Kukes and people are intrigued as to what I’m about. 10.37.52 Music 10.37.57 David Akinsanya But I kept on coming across familiar voices. 10.38.00 David Akinsanya Hi. All right. 10.38.02 Man How are you? 10.38.02 David Akinsanya Not too bad. Your English is good. Have you been to England? 10.38.08 David Akinsanya I keep on bumping into people who have lived in London. Ten percent of the population now lives in Britain as recent immigrants. 10.38.15 Music 10.38.19 David Akinsanya And what did you find; did you find London quite rough? 10.38.22 Man Only the weather is rough. 10.38.25 David Akinsanya Mind you, look at the weather today. 10.38.27 Man Yeah but it is only one day in summer, it’s nice. You’d, you’d like to live here in the summer. 10.38.35 David Akinsanya Yeah. Oh well nice to talk to you. All right, take care. 10.38.40 David Akinsanya Until recently people walked around the streets carrying Kalashnikovs. But now it’s only the police who openly carry guns. But that doesn’t mean they’ve gone away. Every man I met admitted privately to having guns at home. 10.38.57 David Akinsanya I obviously came at a difficult time. The police are struggling with their reputation here. Eight police officers were in Kukes prison after being implicated in a jail break a week earlier when a hole was smashed in the prison wall and three dangerous prisoners escaped. 10.39.13 David Akinsanya There was also a civil rights committee in town. They’ve come to grill the Chief of Police about allegations his officers had been beating up local villagers. 10.39.27 David Akinsanya Do people still have arms at home and is that a problem? 10.39.33 Aston Colonel MEHDI GANGE Kukes Police Voice over That’s one of the main things police are working on. One of our main targets are people who might possess arms. And in just the past three months we apprehended and brought to court twenty-three people who committed homicide. 10.39.50 David Akinsanya That’s twenty-three murderers caught in three months in a town with just twenty thousand people. Guns in the hands of the population are one thing but there’s another reason illegal weapons were being hoarded here. 10.40.02 Gunfire 10.40.06 David Akinsanya To wage war. 10.40.11 David Akinsanya Kukes played a crucial part in trafficking the looted weapons first to the war in Kosovo and then on to the conflict in Macedonia. They were constantly trafficked across the region intensifying the fighting as ethnic Albanians rose up. 10.40.24 Gunfire/music 10.40.28 David Akinsanya It’s common knowledge that there are large stockpiles still hidden in mountain caves ready for transit. 10.40.33 Music 10.40.35 David Akinsanya I’d heard that guns were being shipped across the border and I want to find out who is involved and where the arms were going. Locals made contact with several arms traffickers and arranged to show me some of their illegal weapons on condition I didn’t reveal their location or the identity of those involved. 10.40.52 Music 10.40.56 David Akinsanya Right. I’ve been told by some contacts that they’ve laid on some arms for us to have a look at here. 10.41.03 David Akinsanya Okay. Here we go. They’ve got everything here. Rifle. It’s full of ammunition. Look at them! I don’t even want to touch them and there’s more, more ammunition. I mean I’ve been assured that all this equipment here is part of a larger amount that’s being kept in caves all around this area and they actually belong to a guy who’s currently trafficking in arms. So I mean this is the sort of stuff that’s going over the border. 10.41.39 David Akinsanya This is perfect country for hiding and shifting guns. There’s countless remote tracks criss-crossing the borders. There’s no shortage of gun stockpiles or traffickers here to export war if the Balkans kicks off again. 10.41.55 Music 10.41.56 David Akinsanya Later that night one arms trafficker agreed to meet me down an isolated track. He was happy to talk about his exploits shipping arms across the border to Albanians in Kosovo and Macedonia. 10.42.09 David Akinsanya Hi. 10.42.09 Trafficker Hello. 10.42.10 David Akinsanya Hi, David. Please come in. Thank you for meeting me. 10.42.15 Trafficker Thank you. 10.42.21 Trafficker Voice over I first got involved during the war in Kosovo out of a feeling of national consciousness because we’re all Albanians. We collected arms from people and then delivered them, not using traditional means of transport, we didn’t have any but using animals. 10.42.42 David Akinsanya He tells me he’d been arrested by border police in Kosovo the day before but he denied any involvement in current trafficking. 10.42.50 Trafficker Voice over They told me I was not free to move around in Kosovo. 10.42.55 David Akinsanya Why was that? 10.42.56 Trafficker Voice over How should I know? They didn’t give me a reason. 10.43.01 Music 10.43.01 David Akinsanya In a region like the Balkans guns can easily be smuggled and recycled from one group to another – just like we saw in West Africa. 10.43.09 Music 10.43.12 David Akinsanya I set off to neighbouring Kosovo to find out what happened to the guns trafficked from Kukes. 10.43.16 Music/gunfire 10.43.18 David Akinsanya When Serbia was ethnically cleansing Albanian villages here five years ago, guns came flooding across this border to arm resistance fighters. 10.43.26 Music 10.43.30 David Akinsanya Since NATO intervened in nineteen ninety-nine most of the buildings have been rebuilt and NATO troops and UN volunteers keep the fragile peace. 10.43.42 David Akinsanya And the guns just keep on coming. 10.43.47 Bob Richards So this would be our weapons storage room here. 10.43.53 David Akinsanya Wow. So these are all weapons that have been confiscated here? 10.43.58 Bob Richards Yeah these have all been confiscated and this particular seizure here was made approximately two months ago from a trunk of a vehicle that was parked here in town in front of a restaurant. 10.44.09 David Akinsanya And what about that pile over there? 10.44.11 Aston BOB RICHARDS UN Police This one here is three hundred, eighteen rifles were seized. We believe it was on its way, probably to Macedonia. You see all these entries into Kosovo here, with mountain passes and some mountain trails that they can smuggle over. It’s a smugglers, I guess a funnel for smugglers. 10.44.32 Music 10.44.35 David Akinsanya Preventing guns getting to groups intent on reigniting armed conflict is crucial. 10.44.39 Music 10.44.45 David Akinsanya My contacts back in Albania had told me of one such group still being supplied with weapons from Kukes and had managed to put me in touch with them. 10.44.54 David Akinsanya They’re called the Albanian National Army and had little popular support but are stockpiling serious military firepower and threatened to wreck the peace. A local man agreed to take me to where they were patrolling. 10.45.05 Music 10.45.08 David Akinsanya I’m not sure what to expect but apparently there are some guys up here who are just hanging around with guns who are patrolling the roads. So let’s see what happens. 10.45.15 Music 10.45.19 David Akinsanya They were obviously expecting me and they allowed us to film them and their Kalashnikovs. Perhaps in the hope of furthering their cause. 10.45.26 Music 10.45.28 David Akinsanya But the display wasn’t all show. The week before a local resident called the police after seeing them patrolling and stopping cars. There’d been a gun battle before the police chased them off. 10.45.37 Music 10.45.42 David Akinsanya We’ve just gone through that checkpoint, I mean they were serious guys, they’re not official police or army or anything like that they’re guys who patrol, patrol some of the roads around here. They all had army uniforms on of some description, balaclavas and were carrying serious automatic weapons. It was quite a scary experience but it’s over now. 10.46.01 Music 10.46.06 David Akinsanya Keeping guns out of the hands of groups like the Albanian National Army is very difficult with so many weapons available, many controlled by arms traffickers. 10.46.14 Music 10.46.18 David Akinsanya But a much bigger problem for the UN police is the sheer number of guns now held by the civilian population. 10.46.26 Aston Lt UWE FRIEDRICH UN Police There are a lot of weapons around, a lot of weapons. Weapons are involved in almost all the crimes that occur here. It’s an intimidation, it’s a robbery, it’s always involving weapons. And for us as police officers the big problem is that we are not used to, from our countries that send us here, are the strength of the weapons, especially rapid fire weapons, hand grenades, mines. It’s a big, big violence. 10.46.50 Music 10.46.52 David Akinsanya Dawn on the outskirts of Obilic. The village sleeps as NATO peacekeepers move in to surround their homes. They’re searching for weapons of war. There’s nothing unusual about this village, a collection of simple farms and normal families, yet the soldiers expect they’re hiding a major haul of high-powered military weapons. 10.47.13 Lt Ronny Pettersen So here you can see some of the finds. We have a Kalashnikov, automatic weapon. It’s already done everything so, ready for use yeah. Ready for action. 10.47.25 Music 10.47.26 David Akinsanya Guns found under beds, in cupboards, behind kitchen doors, guns ready to be used at a moment’s notice. 10.47.34 Lt Ronny Pettersen A magazine for a Kalashnikov AK forty-seven. Four of those. We have Yugoslavian made, Zastava pistol. And also ammunition of various sizes. 10.47.52 Music 10.47.54 David Akinsanya The war’s over. But despite all the international peacekeepers in Kosovo nobody trusts the future. Guns make people feel secure and no one wants to hand them in willingly. 10.48.05 Music 10.48.07 Aston Lt RONNY PETTERSEN KFOR We ask them of course before we go in; do you have any weapons, illegal weapons, please hand them over to us. Normally if they have something they give it to us. Today they have said well I have one pistol but as the search continues we have now found in the same house seven weapons, one rocket launcher and about four hundred rounds of ammunition. We have plastic explosives, detonators, hand grenades so it’s quite a lot that they didn’t tell us about. 10.48.39 David Akinsanya The day’s haul doesn’t shock these peacekeepers anymore. Military weapons spread in normal homes is part of everyday life here. 10.48.49 Music 10.48.52 David Akinsanya And just what that can mean for communities I was about to find out in Macedonia, which shares a border with Kosovo and Albania. 10.48.58 Music 10.49.02 David Akinsanya A conflict here between ethnic Albanians and the government finished two years ago but there are more shootings now than ever. 10.49.09 Music 10.49.29 Aston DUSHKO BILBILOVSKI Voice over We’ve played basketball here every day for about ten years when the weather was nice. No one had the faintest idea how things would turn out. Six of us were playing just over there; three against three. All of a sudden we heard a car slam on its brakes. 10.50.00 Aston VELKO JOSIFOSKI Voice over We were at home watching a football game when we heard the shots; six or seven of them. In five seconds I was on the basketball court where I found my son covered in blood. 10.50.14 Music 10.50.18 David Akinsanya Vanko was eighteen and at college. He died on the way to hospital. His friend Dushko was shot in the stomach. 10.50.28 Dushko Bilbilovski Voice over No one had actually provoked anybody. There was absolutely no justification for what happened. 10.50.34 Music 10.50.37 David Akinsanya No-one knows who did the shooting and why. Ninety percent of shootings now have nothing to do with ethnic tensions or the recent conflict. And with so many powerful guns in the hands of young people nobody believes they’ll end soon. 10.50.55 Aston Professor MILCHO PANOPSKI Medical Faculty, Skopje They use a gun without any particular reason, you know, especially young people, the teenagers, sixteen, fifteen years old. That’s absolutely crazy but they use it for, in any situation, you know. When they have some problem with a girl, when they have some problem with their friends and when they have some celebration, you know, about the new year, some wedding celebration. They use a gun in the air but somebody’s in the window and they’re accident without any reason. So in the celebration, in the quarrel, in any, just for fun, you know. 10.51.34 Music 10.51.38 Velko Josifoski Voice over My son was killed playing basket ball and my daughter will have to continue to suffer. She’s fourteen years old. She’ll need to start going out. How will she cope? 10.51.50 Music 10.51.54 Dushko Bilbilovski Voice over Everything is dead. There are no young people. This place used to be full of young people; look at it now, there’s not a soul here. 10.52.11 David Akinsanya Gun violence is not just wrecking lives here, it’s on the move. 10.52.15 Music 10.52.19 David Akinsanya Vlore is on Albania’s southern coast. It’s a notorious trafficking area. 10.52.23 Music 10.52.26 David Akinsanya Vlore police have seized over thirty boats from traffickers in the last few months. 10.52.29 Music 10.52.32 David Akinsanya The Balkans is the main trafficking funnel from Asia and the Eastern block in to the markets of western Europe. Illegal goods flood through. 10.52.41 David Akinsanya Now Albania’s behind me and forty-two miles ahead of me is Italy; this is one of the main trafficking routes for both people and drugs but what also happens is that guns make this route as well. 10.52.56 David Akinsanya This is just one of several routes Balkan guns take into Western Europe. Once inside European Union borders they’re easily trafficked around bringing with them levels of violence straight out of a war zone. Innocent people are getting caught up in it. 10.53.11 News report 10.53.16 David Akinsanya A Kalashnikov on the streets of Paris. A gang storms a prison to free an armed robber in a military-style assault with rocket launchers to blast holes in the prison walls. 10.53.30 News report 10.53.32 David Akinsanya In Holland a hit man burst into a crowded restaurant leaving three dead; part of a gang war for control of the trafficking of Balkan war weapons. Amsterdam is a major transit point for guns into the UK. 10.53.48 David Akinsanya British police found this haul of machine guns in a suburban loft after tackling a gun trafficking gang. 10.53.56 David Akinsanya They were destined for London drug dealers and hit men. 10.54.04 David Akinsanya At entry points like this here in Dover, Customs officers have been finding ex-war weapons coming into the country. But now there’s been a dangerous new development in arms that are coming here from Eastern Europe. And they’re no longer second hand guns but brand new guns custom made for criminals. 10.54.19 Music 10.54.23 David Akinsanya Illegal guns typically arrive in ones or twos with drugs. But Dover Customs officers made a much larger discovery in a lorry loaded with pizzas when they decided to x-ray it. 10.54.34 Music 10.54.36 Aston IAN WATSON HM Customs When they examined it they found the thirty Uzis hidden in the spare wheel of the lorry. 10.54.41 David Akinsanya The thirty Uzis were brand new but with no serial numbers. European police intelligence say some Eastern European gun factories are selling directly to the European black market. No serial numbers on guns means they can’t be traced back. 10.54.56 David Akinsanya Powerful sub-machine guns like this are fast becoming the new weapon of choice for UK criminals. But what is it about this style of gun? 10.55.04 Music 10.55.06 Aston MARTIN PEGLER Royal Armouries It’s a very, very easy weapon to carry, it’s a very easy weapon to conceal, which is partly the reason it’s become so popular with gangs, particularly drug gangs around the world. It’s an extremely fearsome weapon. 10.55.20 David Akinsanya Owen Greene is an expert on international security issues. He says demand is rising in the UK and there’s a growing gun culture in certain communities among the young. But who would really use guns like these? 10.55.37 Aston Dr OWNE GREENE University of Bradford They’d be destined for drug gangs, I would imagine in the inner city areas, who are primarily driven by their own mini arms races, they want to be sure they’re as well armed as the next drug gang. It’s partly sheer fire power they’re after and it’s partly a growing culture of weapons that exists amongst some of the youth that are associated with these gangs. 10.55.57 Music 10.55.58 David Akinsanya The thirty Uzis found at Dover were one of several large hauls of arms found by Customs in the last twelve months. 10.56.05 Ian Watson We did have a seizure at Felixstowe earlier in the year where it was a multiple of grenades, hand guns and some sub-machine guns along with some ammunition. And then just shortly after the seizure of the Uzi sub-machine guns at Dover we had another consignment of ten hand guns with a considerable amount of ammunition as well where the hand guns were in boxes of Stella Artois beer. 10.56.30 David Akinsanya So is this a new trend? 10.56.32 Ian Watson We are alive to the fact that we are likely to make more seizures like this. If they’ve been coming in now the chances are we’re going to find more in the future. 10.56.39 Music 10.56.41 David Akinsanya Still more guns on the streets of Britain. This time they are legal. Bedfordshire armed police get ready to go out on patrol. 10.56.49 Music 10.56.51 David Akinsanya Gun crime has doubled in Britain in the last ten years and the tradition of an unarmed police force is under threat. 10.56.57 Music 10.56.59 News reader 1 Police on Merseyside say they won’t tolerate violent crime after two men were shot dead at the weekend… 10.57.05 News reader 2 Detectives say two men in balaclavas were seen in the area… 10.57.09 News reader 3 ..by a mass gunman… 10.57.11 News reader 4 …one of three hundred gun related incidents in this area this year. 10.57.14 Music 10.57.17 David Akinsanya The world is increasingly arming itself and the arithmetic is frightening. At the moment there’s one gun for every ten people alive. In the next year another eight million guns will be produced; that’s one gun for every person in a city like London. 10.57.30 Music 10.57.34 David Akinsanya Now that I’ve followed the route of gun traffic I’ve seen how easy it is for legally produced guns to cross borders. In many countries it’s not even illegal to break a UN arms embargo. 10.57.44 Music 10.57.48 David Akinsanya So many communities have come to see these high- powered weapons as part of normal life and so many people are being brutalised. 10.57.55 Music 10.57.58 David Akinsanya Even the most obvious step of having standard international paperwork to prove an arms deal is legitimate isn’t in place. 10.58.04 Music 10.58.06 David Akinsanya Temex lost its export licence and has been closed down. But despite being named in the UN report for breaking the arms embargo in Liberia, the owner of Temex, Slobodan Tesic, has not yet been prosecuted. 10.58.18 Gunfire 10.58.21 David Akinsanya A peace deal has now been done in Liberia but the region remains awash with guns and militias have already started selling them on for as little as thirty- five dollars for a Kalashnikov. 10.58.31 End music 10.58.40 Voice over You can comment on tonight’s programme by visiting our web site at: www.bbc.co.uk/correspondent Credits 10.58.41 Reporter DAVID AKINSANYA Camera SIMON FRENCH IAN PERRY ANDREW PSARIANOS VT Editor JASPAL BANGA Dubbing Mixer KARL MAINZER Graphic Design WHY NOT ASSOCIATES Production Team JULIA DANNENBERG SARAH EVA MARTHA O’SULLIVAN AGNES TEEK Production Manager JANE WILLEY Unit Manager SUSAN CRIGHTON Film Research NICK DODD JIM ANDERSON Research CANDICE TALBERG BALINA BALA IVA SAVIC ARTENAS KIROVSKI Assistant Producer DARIUS BAZARGAN Film Editor HENRY WOOD Produced & Directed by PHILIP WRIGHT Deputy Editor DAVID BELTON 10.58.57 CORRESPONDENT 10.58.59 Editor KAREN O’CONNOR © BBC MMIII 10.59.00 End BBC Correspondent 1 1