PANORAMA 
	VALENTINA’S STORY 
	TX. 10/2/97  

	Fergal Keane 
	Three years ago in Rwanda I met this 
wounded child, Valentina, her hand 
mutilated as she fended off men who 
wanted to kill her.  As the genocide 
of the Tutsis reached its height, her 
family and friends were murdered by 
their Hutu neighbours.  

	Valentina survived but can she and her 
country heal the deeper scars of 
genocide?

	ASTON 
	PANORAMA

	ASTON 
	VALENTINA’S
	STORY

	Fergal Keane 
	Valentina has seen things no child 
should ever see.

	She has survived one of the worst 
crimes against humanity of our 
century. 




	Valentina Iribagiza
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	I prayed that I would die because I 
Caption:	couldn’t see a future life. I didn’t 
VALENTINA IRIBAGIZA	think there was anybody in the country 
SURVIVOR	left alive to share a life as before. 
I thought everybody had been swept 
away.

	Denis Bagaruka
	(Man v/o translation) 
	No one survived. Everyone was killed. 
Caption:	We couldn’t spare the children’s 
DENIS BAGARUKA	lives. Our orders were to kill 
CONFESSED KILLER	everyone. 

	Fergal Keane 
	Valentina was born in the high 
savannah of south east Rwanda in a 
remote village called Nyarabuyai 
(phon), the place of stones. She and 
her family were members of the 
minority, the Tutsis, just fifteen 
percent of the population. The Tutsis 
had been subjected to sporadic 
violence since independence but here 
they’d lived in peace with the Hutus 
for more than two decades. Nothing 
could have prepared Valentina for the 
apocalypse being planned by Rwanda’s 
Hutu rulers.


	Marie Goretti 
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	She was a child without a scar on her 
Caption:	body.  Also her mind was different 
MARIE GORETTI	then when she had her parents. 
TEACHER	Everything in her thoughts has been 
changed by what happened to her.

	Fergal Keane 
	Valentina’s nightmare began at 
Nyarabuyai’s Catholic church.   In 
April 1994 a thousand local Tutsis 
fled here for sanctuary. 

	Hutu extremists had just seized power 
in Rwanda. Their aim, the 
extermination of all Tutsis. 
	
	A mob of Hutu surrounded the church 
urged on by the army and extremist 
radio. 

	Man 1
	Subtitles: ALL TUTSIS WILL PERISH.
	THEY WILL DISAPPEAR FROM THE EARTH.

	SLOWLY, SLOWLY, SLOWLY,
	WE WILL KILL THEM LIKE RATS.





	Valentina Iribagiza
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	Their leader said Hutus should come 
Caption:	out of the crowd. Some people were 
VALENTINA IRIBAGIZA	desperate and lied.  They were shot 
SURVIVOR	dead straight away. Then their leader 
said we were next and they should 
smash our heads. That was when they 
started to cut people up. 

	Fergal Keane 
	The killers herded their victims into 
the church. Children were a priority 
target. “When you kill rats, you don’t 
spare their babies” their leader said.

	Valentina Iribagiza
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	We were pretending to be dead.  They 
took stones and smashed the heads of 
the bodies. They took little children 
and smashed their heads together. When 
they found someone breathing, they 
pulled them out and finished them off. 

	Fergal Keane 
	Over four days the killers worked 
their way through the terrified crowd, 
through every building in the church 
compound.


	Hiding under bodies, a few children 
saw what happened.  

	Placide Uwinagiye
	(Boy v/o translation) 
	Many of the people were screaming and 
Caption:	asking for mercy.  You could hear the 
PLACIDE UWINAGIYE	militia shout “Catch him. Here is one 
SURVIVOR	of them. Catch him.”

	I saw many people being killed. They 
took one person out of the group and 
cut off his head and even the pregnant 
women, they cut open their stomachs. 

	They were taking everyone they could 
catch and killing them.  I ran through 
the crowd to avoid being killed. I 
don’t know what happened to my mother. 
I saw my father being killed. They cut 
him to pieces. 

	Fergal Keane 
	The killers kept normal working hours, 
returning home every evening.  

	Maria Musabyemaliya 
	(Girl v/o translation) 
	It was the evening. When the killers 
Caption:	went home, I went to where my parents 
MARIA MUSABYEMALIYA	had been killed and lay down near my 
SURVIVOR	mother’s body. 


	The following morning they came back 
again to kill more people. Some of the 
people beside me were dying and I 
pretended that I was dead too.  There 
was a child lying in front of me and 
they smashed him with a club again and 
again and he died.

	They also killed a woman behind me but 
they didn’t see me.

	They were talking about throwing 
grenades at the bodies but they said 
it would be a waste. 

	Fergal Keane 
	As she lay among the wounded, 
Valentina was struck on the head. Her 
hand was mutilated as she fended off 
the machete blows.  Believing her to 
be dead the killers moved on to other 
victims.

	Valentina Iribagiza
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	They killed my family. I saw them kill 
my papa and my brother but I didn’t 
see what happened to my mother. 

	Fergal Keane 
	Across Rwanda the slaughter was being 
repeated. No Tutsi was safe.  In one 


	hundred days more than eight hundred 
thousand people were to die.

	Extremist radio reminded Hutus of the 
colonial days when Tutsi chiefs had 
been feudal overlords. “Don’t let 
these cockroaches make slaves of you 
again” it warned.  And then it said 
“The graves are only half full. Who 
will help us to fill them?”

	Four months before the genocide the UN 
Commander in Rwanda received 
intelligence that killings were being 
planned. He told his superiors but the 
warning was ignored. Then, when the 
killings did erupt, the UN force was 
dramatically scaled down. Weary of 
African conflict, the world abandoned 
the Tutsis to their fate.

	Back in Nyarabuyai the killers had 
finally finished their work.

	After four days they left believing 
they’d killed all of their one 
thousand Tutsi neighbours, but at the 
end of this trail next to the church, 
badly wounded but still breathing, 
Valentina lay hidden among the 
corpses. For days and nights she lay 
still listening to every sound. 



	Valentina Iribagiza
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	I stayed there for some time, over a 
month. When I tried to get up I would 
fall down. I thought that if the 
killers came I would pretend to be 
dead. 

	Fergal Keane 
	Next to where she was lying the stones 
where the killers sharpened their 
machetes.

	Beside them the toilets. Here babies, 
grabbed from their dying parents, were 
thrust head-first to suffocate in dark 
pits.  

	With the killers gone a handful of 
child survivors eventually emerged 
from their hiding places. With their 
families dead they supported each 
other. 

	Maria Musabyemaliye
	(Girl v/o translation) 
	Those who were strong cooked and we 
all shared. 


	We tried to help each other. We cooked 
for those who couldn’t walk. They just 
sat there and then we shared the food.

	Fergal Keane 
	Valentina believed the world had ended 
but in fact a bitter battle for Rwanda 
was being waged in the towns and 
villages beyond Nyarabuyai. 

	Guerrillas from the Tutsi-dominated 
Rwandan Patriotic Front were advancing 
against the genocidal government army. 

	As the battle continued much of Rwanda 
was being destroyed.

	But the rebels’ swift advance saved 
the Tutsis from extinction.

	Fleeing the rebel advance was a vast 
mass of Hutu refugees.  

	In twenty-four hours a quarter of a 
million people fled to neighbouring 
Tanzania, the biggest such exodus 
since the Second World War.

	But in Nyarabuyai Valentina and the 
other orphans knew nothing of what was 
happening in the world beyond. For 


	more than a month they lived and slept 
among the rotting corpses.

	Valentina Iribagiza 
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	At night the dogs came.  The dogs were 
coming and eating dead children 
outside and in the other rooms next to 
me. Then after some time one dog came 
to where I was and started to eat a 
body. When this happened I picked up a 
stone and threw it at the dog and he 
got scared and ran away. 

	Fergal Keane 
	As the perpetrators of genocide fled, 
Valentina struggled to survive in this 
small room.  With little food 
available and her wounds festering she 
became weaker and weaker.  

	This was how Valentina looked when the 
Tutsi guerrilla army eventually came 
to Nyarabuyai.

	Marie Goretti 
	(Woman v/o translation) 	
	I was among the people she reached 
Caption:	first. 	She was in a very depressing 
MARIE GORETTI	situation because the machete wounds 
TEACHER	on her fingers had not been treated 
yet. She couldn’t even get up from 


	where she was sitting. We, who knew 
her, doubted whether she would 
survive.

	Fergal Keane 
	Shortly after she was found I met 
Valentina in a makeshift clinic near 
Nyarabuyai.  There were no painkillers 
or antibiotics.

	After more than a month hiding under 
the bodies I too doubted that she 
would survive. 

	Beyond Rwanda’s borders the Hutu 
refugees settled into camps set up by 
the international community.  The same 
people who had organised the genocide 
became the leaders in these camps. 

	Panos Moumtzis
	When the people crossed the border, we 
Caption:	all knew very well that among them 
PANORAMA 1994	there were murderers. There were 
PANOS MOUMTZIS	people that we were helping. Everytime 
UNHCR	we gave out food, everytime we give 
the health services, we know that 
among the people which we are helping 
there are murderers. I’m afraid that 
when we have one million people it’s 
impossible to stop and ask the 


	question: “Have you killed anybody 
back home?”

	Fergal Keane 
	Faced with a humanitarian crisis, the 
aid agencies and western governments 
rushed to provide assistance. The 
international community was at last 
being seen to act on Rwanda, but in 
doing so it ensured the comfort of 
killers from places like Nyarabuyai.  
By contrast the victims of genocide 
received far less in aid. At least 
some of those involved at the time 
felt deep unease and have one word to 
describe the whole experience.

	Fiona Terry 
	Disgust. Disgust that the
Caption:	international community has spent one 
FIONA TERRY	million dollars a day on accounts in 
MÉDICINS SANS FRONTIÈRES	Zaire and Tanzania which, over two and 
a half years, is almost one billion 
dollars to institutionalise the power 
of people that have committed 
genocide, to stand by and see the 
diversion of food aid to buy arms or 
to training courses for the military, 
to relaunch  attack into Rwanda and 
that money, it could have been used in 
reconciliation, in reconstruction much 
more usefully in Rwanda.



	Fergal Keane 
	Back in Nyarabuyai Valentina did 
recover from her wounds.  

	She went to live with an aunt who had 
lost her own family in the genocide. 
They began to construct a new life.

	But the shadows of the past are always 
close by.

	Leonsiya Kagwisage 
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	At night she dreams about the war  and 
Caption:	screams aloud.  I go to her and she 
LEONSIYA KAGWISAGE	tells me she’s dreaming of the war. We 
VALENTINA’S AUNT	all have these dreams.

	Fergal Keane 
	A year after the massacre Valentina 
and the people of Nyarabuyai at last 
received the attention of the 
international community. The United 
Nations Secretary General, Boutros, 
Boutros Ghali, made a reluctant visit 
to the world of Valentina’s dreams.






	Gerald Gahima 
	I hope you are aware that he did not 
Caption:	initially plan to make a visit but 
GERALD GAHIMA	only agreed to go as a result of some  
MINISTER FOR JUSTICE	arm twisting.

	Fergal Keane 
	Boutros Ghali tiptoed around the 
remnants of death.

	The killing ground has been preserved 
as a memorial to the genocide.

	The guns of the West, so noticeably 
absent during the massacre, were there 
to ensure Boutros Ghali’s safety.

	Boutros Ghali spent eighteen minutes 
at Nyarabuyai and he told the people 
there to be brave. 

	Boutros Boutros Ghali 
	Subtitles: I WANT YOU TO KNOW THAT I 
SHARE
	YOUR SUFFERING.

	I WANT YOU TO KNOW THAT THE
	UNITED NATIONS IS THERE TO

	HELP YOU OVERCOME THE ATROCITIES
	WHICH WERE COMMITTED HERE.


	Gerald Gahima 
	Now seeing that he went there only to 
spend eighteen minutes, I think he 
felt guilty having to confront a 
graphic picture of the failure of the 
international community to stop 
genocide in Rwanda in 1994.

	Fergal Keane 
	Boutros Ghali didn’t have time to 
visit the school at Nyarabuyai. If he 
had he would have met the child 
survivors like Valentina. They are a 
handful of the school population. Most 
of the other children are Tutsis whose 
parents came to Rwanda after the 
genocide having spent years in exile. 

	For the survivors there is a constant 
loneliness.

	Marie Goretti 
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	They are sad and many of them are 
traumatised and shocked by what they 
have been through. Nobody, not even 
adults, are immune from this sadness.

	When you are drowning in problems 
without any family you feel sometimes 
it would be better for you to die.


	Fergal Keane 
	This school was at the centre of the 
children’s lives before the massacre.
	
	These survivors shared desks with Hutu 
children whose parents were to become 
killers.

	There are several survivors in Marie 
Goretti’s class. She can bring them 
the gift of understanding. She also 
lost her family and she too is scarred 
by genocide.

	Marie Goretti 
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	We got separated because we were 
running for our lives. We said goodbye 
to each other because we didn’t know 
if we would meet again. Later I saw 
the bodies of my mother and my sister 
and neighbours. I saw their bodies but 
I could not do anything for them. I 
was being hunted myself, so I just 
passed them and kept going.

	Fergal Keane 
	Late last year Rwanda  and the 
survivors faced a sudden new reality. 
Two and a half years after the 
genocide, the refugee camps in Zaire 


	and Tanzania were forceably closed.  
The Hutus came home. 

	Those who came from Nyarabuyai were 
watched by the survivors as they 
walked past the scene of the 
slaughter. 

	The Rwandan Government welcomed the 
return and set up a camp to receive 
the Hutus.   

	But among the returnees were some of 
the men who had brought terror to 
Nyarabuyai.  

	Valentina Iribagiza
	(Woman v/o translation)
	I am angry because the ones who have 
killed my family have come back and 
they have their family. They are 
complete but I am on my own. Why 
should I live with somebody who has 
killed my family?

	Fergal Keane 
	The Hutus have been told to camp here. 
They must sleep beside the reminders 
of the slaughter. 

	Rwanda’s Government wants to settle 
the returning Hutus in their old 


	villages but is deeply suspicious of 
the killers in their midst. 

	Didace Nyirinkwaya
	(Man v/o translation)
	These people show no remorse. They are 
Caption:	here and they say to themselves “We 
DIDACE NYIRINKWAYA	haven’t finished our work. As soon as 
STATE PROSECUTOR	we get the chance we are going to 
continue where we left off.” I think 
people like that should be taken to 
court and perhaps they would be 
condemned to death. I think people 
like that should be executed. 

	Fergal Keane 
	The hunt for suspects is taking place 
in every parish in Rwanda. In the 
Nyarabuyai area alone there were two 
thousand cases of murder during the 
genocide.  The Prosecutor, Didace 
Nyirinkwaya, believes that genocide 
trials are essential if the survivors 
are ever to be persuaded to share 
these hills in peace with the Hutus. 

	So great is the Prosecutor’s caseload 
that he has only now, three years 
after the massacre, been able to make 
his first visit to Nyarabuyai. 



	Didace Nyirinkwaya
	(Man v/o translation) 
	Excuse me very much.  I ask myself how 
a human being could commit such 
crimes.  How could it have come to 
this. This was a war. It was a 
massacre.  People killed calmly as if 
in an abbatoir. It was beyond crime. 
It was profoundly evil. It makes me 
very sad.

	Fergal Keane 
	Valentina was the first person to meet 
the Prosecutor.  She has come back to 
the rooms of her nightmare so that she 
can give an accurate testimony.

	Didace is gentle in his questioning. 
He has a young child of his own and 
Valentina’s story leaves him shaken.

	They talk for a long time. What 
affected him most was a dream 
Valentina described. 

	Didace Nyirinkwaya
	(Man v/o translation) 
	I don’t think that the images engraved 
on her memory will ever disappear.

	She told me that sometimes she sees 
her mother in her dreams and she 


	kisses her mother and that she shows 
her mother her cut hand and she says 
“Look what’s become of me.” And she is 
very sad.

	Fergal Keane 
	There are nearly ninety thousand 
genocide suspects crammed into 
Rwanda’s jails. Men like these, 
husbands and fathers, were told that 
it was their civic duty to kill the 
Tutsi cockroaches. 

	They lived in a society were for 
centuries the peasants had been taught 
to follow every official order. 

	This culture of obedience and the 
relentless official demonising of the 
Tutsis helped turn many men into 
murderers. 

	“Kill the Tutsis and your problems 
will be over” they were told.  To the 
impoverished, jobless masses these 
were beautiful words.

	And the killers were certain they 
could get away with it.
	



	Gerald Gahima 
	There had been such killings before 
Caption:	and there had never been any attempt 
GERALD GAHIMA	to bring to justice the people 
MINISTER FOR JUSTICE	responsible.  So a culture of impunity 
devolved and this time around, in 
1994, people were very certain that 
they could still go ahead, kill their 
neighbours, destroy their property or 
steal it and suffer no consequences.

	Fergal Keane 
	Just weeks after returning from the 
refugee camps these Hutu men, some of 
them neighbours of Valentina, have 
become prisoners.  

	Accused of genocide, they await trial 
in overcrowded cells near Nyarabuyai.

	Once a week their relatives come and 
bring them food. 

	Close by, hidden from the view of his 
fellow prisoners, we found one man 
making a confession to the Prosecutor. 
His name was Denis Bagaruka and he was 
one of the butchers of Nyarabuyai. Eye 
witnesses say he was an enthusiatic 
killer though he claims otherwise.



	Denis Bagaruka 
	(Man v/o translation) 
	It was tiring work. If you didn’t go 
Caption:	they would beat you or fine you 
DENIS BAGARUKA	therefore it was compulsory to go. 
CONFESSED KILLER	Even if you were ill you had to go or 
ask for permission to be excused. It 
was an absolute order. 

	Fergal Keane 
	I know that you have eight children of 
your own. How in God’s name can you 
then help to kill children and to kill 
their parents? How do you do that?

	Denis Bagaruka 
	(Man v/o translation) 
	You see all these people in the church 
are children. Some carried them on 
their backs. No one survived. Everyone 
was killed. We couldn’t spare the 
children’s lives. 

	What makes me saddest is that I myself 
was an orphan. When I was young I was 
looked after by a Tutsi man.  He was 
one of the first to die in the 
massacre. When I think about him and 
other Tutsi friends with whom I used 
to share everything who are now dead, 
I almost become crazy. 


	Valentina Iribagiza
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	I feel very scared knowing he is my 
neighbour because he killed and I feel 
he will kill again. I’m not the only 
one who is scared. It’s the same for 
others. 

	Fergal Keane 
	Valentina, can you show me where Denis 
Bagaruka lived?

	Valentina Iribagiza
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	He was living across there in those 
houses.

	Fergal Keane 
	Denis Bagaruka came back from Tanzania 
to find that his old house and his 
small plot of land had been taken over 
by Tutsis. 

	Now his wife and family live in a 
makeshift hut nearby. 

	For the Hutus of Nyarabuyai the world 
has been unhinged. Now Bagaruka’s wife 
insists she was ignorant of the 
slaughter.



	Veneranda Kidederi 
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	The men kept this as their secret.  
VENERANDA KIDEDERI	They never told me anything when they 
DENIS BAGARUKA’S WIFE	came home. There were bullets coming 
through the banana trees but I didn’t 
know they were killing people. 

	Fergal Keane 
	The Government says it doesn’t blame 
all Hutus for the genocide.  

	But in the new Tutsi-dominated Rwanda 
Veneranda thinks it wise to denounce 
her husband. 

	Veneranda Kidederi
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	My husband should be punished.  

	When someone commits a crime they 
should be punished. I don’t dispute 
that. I am very happy he admits he 
committed a crime. 
	
	Fergal Keane 
	Even though Denis Bagaruka has 
confessed he says he was only 
following orders, orders handed out by 
the radio. 



	Denis Bagaruka 
	(Man v/o translation) 
	We heard the radio telling us to be 
strong and to cut down the tall trees. 
Our local leader explained these trees 
were the Tutsis.

	We were listening to the radio and, 
because of that and what the soldiers 
were urging, we started to kill our 
neighbours.

	Fergal Keane 
	It is hard now to imagine the 
atmosphere of hatred created by the 
State and by radio.

	Killing was not simply an obligation 
of the peasants. It was something to 
be celebrated.

	Man 1
	Subtitles: COME, FRIENDS, LET’S 
CELEBRATE.
	THE TUTSIS HAVE BEEN EXTERMINATED.

	COME, FRIENDS, LET’S CELEBRATE.
	GOD REWARDS THE JUST.

	Fergal Keane 
	Of those accused of masterminding the 
genocide only this man, Froduard 


	Karamira, has so far been brought to 
trial in Rwanda. Even in jail he’s 
clearly a figure of authority.  

	Karamira was one of the country’s 
wealthiest men and was a leader of one 
of the main extremist parties. He 
admits going on radio regularly during 
the genocide.  

	But in jail Karamira is devoting his 
time to re-writing Rwanda’s history. 

	Was there a genocide of Tutsis?

	Froduard Karamira 
	Genocide of Tutsis?  Tutsi can say 
Caption:	genocide of Tutsis and me, I can say 
FRODUARD KARAMIRA	genocide of Hutus.
FORMER SENIOR POLITICIAN

	Fergal Keane 
	Do you deny there was a genocide of 
Tutsis?

	Froduard Karamira 
	I think there is massacres of 
reaction, action and reaction.

	Fergal Keane 
	But no genocide?


	Froduard Kanamera 
	No genocide. 

	Gerald Gahima 
	I have no doubt whatsoever that he has 
the blood of Nyarabuyai and hundreds 
of other places like Nyarabuyai on his 
hands.

	Fergal Keane 
	Now in Kigali Karamira is on  trial 
for his life.  

	He stands accused of making 
inflammatory broadcasts, announcing 
the militias and driving them on their 
killing sprees. 

	There is tension where relatives of 
the dead have gathered at the court.

	Man 2
	(Man v/o translation) 
	I don’t know if Karamira is a human 
being or an animal, an animal.  That’s 
why I have come here to see him.

	Woman 1
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	He killed, so he must be killed.



	Woman 2
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	If he was to be killed that would send 
a message to everybody that they can’t 
kill their neighbours. That would 
reduce killing. He must be punished. 

	Fergal Keane 
	The judicial system is hugely 
overstretched - nearly ninety thousand 
suspects and sixteen defence lawyers. 

	But, with pressure for executions 
growing among the survivors, the 
Government is pushing ahead. Karamira 
denounces this as Tutsi vengence. The 
Government fears that, if people like 
him go unpunished, survivors will take 
the law into their own hands. 

	Gerald Gahima 
	The people who committed the crimes   
Caption:	against them, they feel no remorse. 
GERALD GAHIMA	They have not asked for forgiveness. 
MINISTER FOR JUSTICE	As a matter of fact most of them have 
really not given up. They teach us to 
kill, to exterminate the Tutsi 
community. 

	Fergal Keane 
	No amount of executions can obliterate 
the memory of genocide and among Hutus 


	they’re likely to provide the seed of 
future hatred. 

	Karamira says killing him won’t bring 
reconciliation.

	Froduard Karamira 
	I am ready to die if it can bring it, 
if anyone is sure of that, I’m ready. 
But don’t bring me the trial which is 
impartial and not natural. This is 
useless.

	Fergal Keane 	
	Do you feel any shred of guilt, any 
guilt about anything?

	Froduard Karamira 
	No, I don’t feel it.

	Fergal Keane 
	No blood on your hands?

	Froduard Karamira
	No.

	Fergal Keane 
	Froduard Karamira will be sentenced in 
Kigali later this week. It’s widely 
thought he will be given the death 
penalty. 


	In Nyarabuyai the rains have come, 
washing away the top soil, revealing 
fragments of humanity. 

	The church has again become a place of 
worship.  

	Yet for those who suffered here it 
will never be a place of sanctuary.

	Valentina Iribagiza
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	I get angry when I come into the 
church.  I know they killed people in 
here. I don’t feel happy when I am 
inside. I will never forget what 
happened. 

	Marie Goretti 
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	It is not only Valentina who suffered.  
Caption:	I can go round Rwanda and find people 
MARIE GORETTI	who have had even more miserable lives 
TEACHER	during the war. Even the ones without 
scars on their body have been hurt in 
their hearts. 

	When we are with Valentina we comfort 
her, try to help her with her grief, 
encourage her to understand that these 
things happen and sometimes no one can 
explain why.


	
	Fergal Keane 
	It is in parishes like Nyarabuyai that 
Rwanda’s future will be decided. Here 
the Government and the Church tell 
Hutus and Tutsis to become one people 
but in Nyarabuyai memory is a stronger 
weapon than any speech or sermon.

	Marie Musabyemaliya
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	They killed my people yet they are 
alive. We cannot live with them.  

	Fergal Keane 
	What would you like to see happen to 
the killers of Nyarabuyai?

	Valentina Iribagiza
	(Woman v/o translation) 
	Those who killed should die 
themselves. Why did they kill their 
neighbours?

	Denis Bagaruka
	(Man v/o translation) 
	I understand why they want me dead. I 
ask for their forgiveness.  Once we 
are punished perhaps they will forgive 
us one day. 



	Fergal Keane 
	Among the survivors - those like 
Valentina, those who survived the 
unspeakable - forgiveness seems 
impossible. This child and her country 
face a future that is threatened by 
the memory of blood. 

	END CREDITS 

		
	
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