NB: THIS TRANSCRIPT WAS TYPED FROM A TRANSCRIPTION UNIT RECORDING AND NOT COPIED FROM AN ORIGINAL SCRIPT: BECAUSE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF MIS- HEARING AND THE DIFFICULTY, IN SOME CASES OF IDENTIFYING INDIVIDUAL SPEAKERS, THE BBC CANNOT VOUCH FOR ITS ACCURACY. ........................................................................ PANORAMA AFGHANISTAN - THE DARK AGES RECORDED FROM TRANSMISSION: BBC-1 DATE: 7:09:01 ........................................................................ JOHN SIMPSON: This is one of the wild places of the earth, a black hole in the world's consciousness, inhabited by people we once mythologized and then abandoned, a country full of victims. The Afghan capital Kabul, this August. These pictures smuggled out only weeks ago and seen here for the first time show an Afghan woman clad in the burka being beaten by a Taliban enforcer for the crime of showing her face. November 1999 (New footage) And earlier, more horrifying pictures still, an execution in a Kabul football stadium of a woman accused of killing her husband. These things happened before New York and Washington were attacked and Afghanistan became the focus of the world's attention once again. JOHN SIMPSON From Afghanistan tonight The first time I came here was in 1989, just as one of the world's two superpowers, the Soviet Union, was pulling out after its bloody war of occupation. I've been back a lot since then, and now I return at the very moment when the one remaining superpower, the United States, is opening up an attack on the Taliban regime. This is a story, through my impressions, of what's happened in this devastated country during that time. The Russians suffered heavy casualties, battling in a mountainous unfamiliar terrain against a powerful and dedicated enemy. Their losses were chronicled by the most famous cameraman to have operated in Afghanistan, Peter Jouvenal. I've worked with Peter on almost every visit I've made to Afghanistan and now we're back here together again. During the war - the Jihad, as it's known - he made more trips into occupied Afghanistan than any other western cameraman. Peter first worked alongside the Mujahideen in 1980. PETER JOUVENAL For me the war was very black and white, superpower, the Soviet Union had invaded Afghanistan, and my sympathy was with the underdogs, the Afghan Mujahideen. The determination of the Afghans to expel the Soviets from their country, and the sacrifices they were prepared to make to do that, those were some of the images that stayed with me. SIMPSON: Many invaders have tried to subdue Afghanistan - Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, the British, the Soviets. Even those who succeeded didn't do so for long. The Russians were here for ten brutal years. Now it's the turn of America and its western allies to try. The lesson of history is that while a quick hit against Afghanistan can sometimes be successful, a long occupation never is. BAQER MOIN BBC World Service The key factor is to win people's heart and mind. If you go into Afghanistan without people's consent, and without making sure that it is for the good of the people that you are going there, you are going to bog down in a very, very difficult situation that would be very difficult to come out. SIMPSON: Slowly and with much suffering, the Afghan guerrillas started to fight back against the Russian invasion. In their mountain fastnesses the Mujahideen were portrayed in the West as 'freedom fighters' paragons of virtue, fighting a godless invader. The American right saw the Soviet embroilment in Afghanistan as a cheap, hands-off way of evening up the score for Vietnam. No one chose to look too carefully at the Mujahideen ethic. No one cared that many of the groups wanted to stamp out every manifestation of modernism from shaving to the education of women. It was enough for the West that they were our enemy's enemy. The United States armed them and trained them with the active assistance of the Pakistan Government. SELIG HARRISON Carnegie Institute Well the CIA has had a bigger operation in Pakistan directed to the Afghan war than it's had anywhere else since Vietnam, certainly bigger than Nicaragua. The fact is that Pakistan did cooperate with the US. The Pakistan inter-services intelligence directorate ran the war with the oversight of the CIA. SIMPSON: And, ironically, the Americans showed a preference for the more extreme Islamists because they thought they we re the fiercest fighters. Among them was Osama Bin Laden. When, inevitably, the Russians were driven out, a power struggle began among the splintered, often mutually hostile groupings within the Afghan resistance. No one thought the President, whom the Russians had left behind them when they went, the one time communist Najibullah could stay in power long. But he controlled the cities, the towns and the roads, and proved to be remarkably tough and wily. Having been in Afghanistan when the Russians left, I came back to report on President Najibullah's own war against the Mujahideen. Panorama, 1989 I went in with Peter Jouvenal making a gruelling journey over the mountains of the Hindu Kush. I assumed we would witness the start of an irresistible assault by the Mujahideen on Kabul. We linked up with one of the many competing groups that were besieging the communist regime, a small and disregarded faction which represented the Hazara people, the lowly, disregarded descendants of Genghis Khan's Mongol conquerors promised that it could smuggle us into Kabul itself, Najibullah's stronghold. The Hazaras proved to be tough, cheerful and generous, and they were serious about training for the battle ahead and started to be more confident that they could keep their promises about getting us into Kabul. One night, under cover of darkness, we crept in between the government positions. Government soldiers kept calling out to one another and firing all night long to keep up their spirits and frighten away infiltrators. But we slipped passed them and got into the city. Once we were there, the Mujahideen and their undercover agents inside Khad, the secret police, took us on an extraordinary guided tour of Kabul. It was a grim place, a city under siege. Panorama, 1989 This is clear evidence of the degree to which the resistance movement has penetrated the system in Kabul. We've changed vehicles now and the one we're in is a jeep belonging to a commander of the Afghan equivalent of the KGB, Khad, and the two men with us are both officers of Khad. Recklessly the resistance fighters we were with decided to launch a homemade rocket at the secret police base. Even at this range they managed to miss. As a result though, Khad was onto us. We escaped just as they were mounting a raid on our safe house. This time, clearly, there'd be no uprising in Kabul. In Eastern Afghanistan there was another front outside the city of Jalalabad. It was here that we realised how deeply the Mujahideen was split. They could shell the city randomly without care about the consequences. But what they couldn't do was to agree on strategy. This was a brutal, unrestricted, Hobsien kind of war of every man against every man. No clear purpose and certainly no pity for the victims. The Russian withdrawal had done nothing whatever to halt the suffering of civilians. War dragged on. There was no sign of victory. With the Russians gone and the score evened up for Vietnam, American and Western opinion swiftly lost interest in Afghanistan. Yet the CIA, heavily influenced by the Pakistani intelligence services, still went on backing some Mujahideen groups, usually the more Islamic ones. The money was less than it had been but it still bought an almost limitless of fire power. We came across a family whose house had been destroyed by a Mujahideen rocket. There was no conceivable military target anywhere around. WOMAN: (translation) I want to ask the Americans what we have done to deserve this. This is cruelty. They're telling people to kill young children. SIMPSON: At the time, the United States even had an envoy working with the Mujahideen. I asked him how this sort of action could possibly win hearts and minds. PETER TOMSEN US Special Envoy to the Mujahideen To a certain extent this stuff happens in war. We must try to stop it, curtain it if we can't stop it. We're doing everything we can in this instance. SIMPSON: And he had no doubt that the Mujahideen would win in the long-run. TOMSEN: Our assessment is that the trends are in favour of the resistance. Our assistance will continue as long as it's necessary for this process to play itself out. SIMPSON: It played itself out here in this house, hit randomly by a scud missile fired from communist Kabul. SURVIVOR: The missile hit us at five minutes to six in the morning. It was God's will that I was not killed. However, I lost my two sons, my two girls, my wife and my brother. They were trapped in the wreckage. I heard them screaming for a while - and then they died. SIMPSON: The man ultimately responsible for the scud missile, President Najibullah, told us that he wanted peace, but he refused to give up power in order to obtain it. Panorama, 1989 President NAJIBULLAH The six months since the Soviets have withdrawn have shown that war cannot solve Afghanistan's problems. War will only cause more deaths and more destruction. It would be better to start peaceful negotiations as soon as possible and solve the problem by political means. SIMPSON: He had no real intention of negating and he knew the Mujahideen weren't interested either. The Mujahideen has always regarded the resistance to the Russians as a Jihad, a holy war, now this essentially civil war was turning into a Jihad too. Panorama, 1989 TAHIR KHAN Mujahideen Commander Already we have given more than a million Shahid during this ten years of war. So what if you give 50,000 or 10,000 or.. people more for this reason because we are fighting to bring an Islamic state in Afghanistan. SIMPSON: Eventually the superior force and fire power of the Mujahideen succeeded and Najibullah was overthrown. The conquerors entered Kabul in triumph, headed by the charismatic figure of Ahmad Shah Masood, a British rather than an American protégée. Still the Americans had achieved their aim, the victory of the Mujahideen. Not that peace came any closer now. Over the next few years, the fighting between the different groups was terrible. Cities were as much a battle ground as the countryside. In 1996 I returned to Kabul. It presented a depressing spectacle. This once attractive city, a place of culture and education had been reduced to rubble. The Mujahideen factions were settling their petty differences with the weapons of modern warfare. They had shelled the spoils of their own victory. In the shadow of the old Royal Palace, children scoured the battlefields at the risk of their own lives looking for shrapnel to sell for scrap. Kabul felt truly abandoned. 1996 This is the frontline in a war that's been almost completely forgotten. Some years ago, when the Russians were here, people used to demonstrate in the streets against the war in Afghanistan, and governments used to issue the sternest warnings to Moscow. But the Russians have been gone for seven years now and no one seems to care that the fighting is, if anything, worse than ever. Because it's no longer a battleground for the superpowers, it doesn't matter anymore. General Masood, who'd ridden in triumph into the city four years earlier with a liberating army, now felt betrayed by his former supporters. Filmed in 1996 AHMAD SHAH MASOOD Former Head of Afghan Armed Forces The West had a moral obligation to the Mujahideen. Nearly two million people lost their lives to remove the Russians. The west should not have turned its back on us. They should have taken part in rebuilding our country. SIMPSON: The international community tinkered round the edges, funding programmes to clear the millions of mines laid by the Russians and by the warring Afghan factions. (controlled detonation of mine) Not much of an explosion perhaps, but enough to wreck a life. In Kabul we came across a 17 year old girl who'd stepped on a mine while gathering firewood. She was brought into the hospital. She's screaming God forgive me, as though it was her fault the mine had been left there. Zabibi had already lost her father in the war against the Russians. Her aunt was struggling to bring her up. AUNT: (translation) She has nothing. She's lost her feet but she's not dead. That's all you can say. She's got no one. She's an orphan. SIMPSON: Zabibi's life had been effectively destroyed. In a society where a woman's one hope is marriage, who would marry her now? That same day I saw another side to life under the Mujahideen. The public execution of three convicted murderers. The relatively moderate coalition of General Masood had come under pressure from the ultra conservatives to impose Islamic laws more strictly. In this brutalised society, a vast crowd had turned up to watch. The execution was an unpleasant, botched affair. Soon, moderates in government would be thrown out and the crowds would have plenty more public killings to watch. For by now, on the mountains above Kabul, a new movement - the Taliban - had the capital in their sights. They'd already conquered the south of the country. The Taliban - the word means religious students - had their origins in these madrassers, or religious schools, on the Pakistan border, where the sons of Afghan refugees were recruited as a fighting force. They were angry that the Mujahideen government in Kabul had failed to introduce the full force of Islamic law. There was an ethnic divide too. These people were Pashtu speakers while the new rulers in Kabul were mostly Persian speaking. To find out who the Taliban were, we travelled to their spiritual home, the southern city of Kandahar. We were the first western television team to document just how extremist their form of Islam was. It wasn't easy. The Taliban regarded television pictures as graven images, unholy and forbidden. Here in Kandahar they had imposed order on chaos and banditry which at first was welcome. But they also had a mission to return Afghanistan to the middle ages. Television sets were strung up on posts at the city gates. Chess, football, even kite flying were banned. Women were only allowed out in full length burkas. The Taliban carried out ferocious punishments on those who broke the Islamic law. This man, Mullah Balouch, was a member of the Taliban government. He was the Taliban Minister of Health. MULLAH BALOUCH Taliban Minister of Health (translation) We punish criminals according to Sharia, Islamic law. When someone steals or robs, that law decrees that his left hand or right foot should be amputated. If they commit the same crime again, then his right hand or left foot should also be removed so he can't do it again. The amputations are carried out by doctors and surgeons. SIMPSON: Or, if no one else were available, by Mullah Balouch himself. He's already carried out a couple of amputations recently. By chance we were in Kandahar at the critical moment of the Taliban's campaign to take power. They declared a holy war against the Mujahideen government in Kabul. For only the third time in a century, the cloak of the prophet Mohammed was brought out of its shrine in Kandahar and shown to the adoring crowd. The man holding it up is Mullah Omar, reclusive one-eyed leader of the Taliban. This is the first time he's been filmed. The crowd are hurling up their turbans to touch the cloak so they can be blessed by it. It's the closest thing to some vast mass movement of the middle ages that I'm likely to see in my lifetime and the revealing of the prophet's cloak infused a new vigour and sense of destiny into the supporters of the Taliban. A determination to turn their fundamentalist agenda, the most extreme in any Muslim society anywhere, into a reality. I saw clear signs of this in the mostly Persian speaking city of Herat. The Taliban had captured it not long before and had demonstrated the full force of their oppression there. This fountain was designed by Herat's most famous artist but it's a representation of living creatures so the Taliban had hacked off the heads. Local people were shocked at the desecration. Worse, the Taliban were imposing the cultural values of Pashtu society on a completely different Persian speaking one so the Taliban ordered women to stay at home or else cover themselves in the Burka, something they'd never worn in their lives. The Taliban also closed down the local girls' schools and sent the women teachers home. During the Soviet occupation there had been a lot of attention paid to the education of girls, now they were forbidden to have even the most basic schooling. We found only one woman who was willing to speak out about the nightmare. FEMALE: Our life is bitter because we're not free. One day I went to the school and the door was closed and they told me that women aren't allowed to come here any more and should stay at home. It's not possible to learn anything or educate your children. SIMPSON: The rule of the saints was odd and disturbing as the triumph of any extremist religious movement anywhere was in full swing. The Taliban have locked Afghanistan into a time warp, closed off from the outside world where they can pursue their weird social and religious experiment without opposition. As a result they've attracted several thousand Muslims, romantic extremists from abroad. Arabs, Somalis, Indonesians, Pakistanis, all keen to claim their place in the great jihad against America, led and funded by the man whose name is on everybody's lips. Bin Laden came from an ultra rich Saudi family which had made it's money from construction. He poured cash into the Taliban cause and where their vision was parochial and often deeply ignorant of the outside world, his was truly international. Library pictures Osama bin Laden fought the Russians in Afghanistan during the 1980's. He was always profoundly anti- western. When I briefly came across him in 1989 he tried to persuade a group of Mujahideen to kill me and my crew. In 1996 he returned to Afghanistan fuelled by a renewed hatred of the Americans as a result of the Gulf War. Tell me about the time that you met Osama bin Laden, what sort of man was he? PETER JOUVENAL Peter Jouvenal met Bin Laden when filming For another international broadcaster Rather cold, very tall, calculating, determined, serious. SIMPSON: Impressive? JOUVENAL: I would compare him to a bank manager actually, not impressive but someone that you're not friends with, someone that has invited you there obviously to use you or to use the media... So everything was very controlled including the questions we gave... we couldn't just ask him. SIMPSON: No emotion then? JOUVENAL: No emotion at all, no. And no smiles really, a rather cold handshake. But friendly to us but I think he very much identified us as the enemy because we were westerners. SIMPSON: The Taliban hadn't yet taken Kabul. Late in 1996 we went to the city hospital to see Zabibi, the orphan girl who'd lost her legs in the mine blast. She says she'll always have to stay at home, never marrying, never having children. She's already an orphan, now she'll be a lifelong burden on the relatives who have to look after her. For her and for so many others in Kabul the situation was just about to get even worse. The Taliban were coming. The Mujahideen Government of Ahmad Shah Masood collapsed quickly, they fled north to the Panshea Valley in a bid to regroup. When ex President Najibullah had been overthrown three years earlier, he and his brother had taken refuge in the UN compound but the Taliban had no respect for international authority. One of the first things the Taliban did when they entered Kabul was to lynch Najibullah and his brother and hang up their bodies publicly in the street. It was the start of year zero. The Taliban intensified their grip on Kabul, they wanted to stop the clock of history and restart it at a very different and earlier time. They used tanks to destroy bottles of Afghan brandy. They ripped out cassette tapes, they forbade music of any kind, and of course they changed women's lives utterly. Any infringement of the dress code was ferociously punished. This was a city where for decades women had been used to high levels of education and employment. Suddenly they were reduced to anonymous ghosts, forced to hide themselves behind the veil. Kabul was also a city full of war widows and now, because they couldn't get jobs many of them were forced to beg in the streets. Girls were no longer allowed to go to school. A few underground schools did spring up though, the BBC secretly filmed this one in the capital. YALDA: My name is Yelda. I am 11 years old. I want to become a doctor. SIMPSON: Yelda would like to finish school and go onto university but her classes were stopped abruptly when the Taliban closed the school down. YELDA: Before the Taliban were in power we were free. Everybody encouraged us to go to school, but now we are afraid when we attend these courses. We are scared that the Taliban will come and stop us having lessons. SIMPSON: Yet the Taliban leadership insisted that the measures they took towards women in the name of Islam were based on respect for them. SHIR MOHAMMED STANKZAI Taliban Deputy Foreign Minister In Islam there are a great respect for men and women, for the neighbours, for the non-Muslims, for the properties and there are rules and regulation in Islam even how to eat, how to sleep, how to walk and how to talk with the people. SIMPSON: For many professional women, including those who lived in the Soviet era buildings on the edges of the city, there was real despair. FEMALE: I felt that I have no worth in the society. I cannot do anything for this society and this society cannot do anything for me. They cannot accept me as a human being. So that is something that made me prefer to kill myself. SIMPSON: Yet even the dead weren't immune from punishment. The Taliban dug up the cemeteries where communists, "godless infidels" they called them, were buried. The Taliban had claimed they'd end Afghanistan's opium production. For centuries the poppy had been a vital cash crop in the area. Along the border with Pakistan we found the sordid huddled bodies of people addicted to the heroin which Afghanistan produced. When they died their bodies were carelessly buried by the side of the road. The hope that the Taliban would clamp down on opium production had encouraged the United States in particular to look the other way as the Taliban's influence had grown. There were signs that the Taliban were indeed doing something about drugs production, they showed us an entire warehouse full of confiscated opium, we estimated it to be worth at least £70 million on the streets of western countries. Right, you can feel that that one has powder in it, that one has too. It's all wrapped up inside there. What they tell me is that there are 250 kilos of processed heroin up here and the rest of it is raw opium. The place absolutely stinks of it. But when we travelled around the surrounding countryside we found that opium was growing freely in the fields. I asked the local farmer here, Faesal Hack, why he was growing the crop. Now you know the damage that opium and heroin do to people's lives, doesn't that worry you at all? FAESAL: Of course we understand how harmful it is. It is not our responsibility. If no one is concerned about us, why should we be concerned about them? MULLAH BALOUCH Former Taliban Minister of Health Our people are very poor, they need to have a cash crop. If they grow wheat they won't be able to make enough money to survive. We can't take action against poppy cultivation right now, the economy is destroyed and people are very, very unhappy. They will turn against us if we stop it now, but eventually we do want to stop poppy cultivation. SIMPSON: Shortly afterwards the United Nations found that opium production had increased sharply in Taliban controlled areas. Under pressure the Taliban were briefly to suspend drug production but they resumed it last year. The war continued its mindless course with the Northern Alliance forces pinned down in the Panshea Valley yet defending themselves fiercely. Filmed in 1997 I flew into the Panshea with Ahmad Shah Masood, a quieter more melancholy figure than I remembered. His retreat from Kabul seemed to have affected him strongly, it was a personal failure. In spite of his efforts corruption had flourished under the Mujahideen government and there had been this unending civil war. Now the lines had been redrawn, Taliban had the support of Pakistan, Bin Laden's network, the opium trade. Masood's backing came from Russia, India and the mines of precious stones which lay in his territory. We followed the mule trains along the smuggling route over the Hindu Kush into Pakistan. On the way we came across all sorts of other goods which swelled Masood's war chest - gems, drugs, animals, even hunting falcons which were being shipped out to the lucrative markets in the middle east. "We know it's wrong" a smuggler told us" and we know it makes our country poorer as well, but there aren't any laws here and we are poor men, we've got to live". This was emblematic of Afghanistan as a whole, plundered, raped, impoverished, just in order to keep a mindless war going in the black whole which Afghanistan has become. I paid my longest visit to Afghanistan in 1999 and I found the same thing everywhere, the degree to which the Taliban regime was hated and feared was absolutely unmistakable. When I crossed into Afghanistan I found this cruel war still continuing on its destructive course. Sidikka is 15, her brother Abdul 12, they were injured on the same day. The family was being ethnically cleansed from the Shomali area by the Taliban and they ran, panic stricken, into a minefield. ABDULE: (Speaks in Afghan) SIMPSON: What did he say? MAN: (translating) He said "I don't have any hope, I don't think if I can be able to work any more or to..". SIMPSON: The girl is in an even worse state. In a sense she's what the Taliban and the war itself have made her, uneducated, maimed, without any hope of a decent independent life. Not everyone was suffering though. Osama bin Laden was prospering. He had established such a close relationship with Mullar Omar, the Taliban leader, that he didn't seem like a guest any more, he was increasingly calling the shots. Mullar Omar, after all, had started off as nothing more than a simple village cleric, albeit a brave and resourceful one. Bin Laden was a wealthy sophisticate who understood the real world. BAQER MOIN BBC World Service We have to look at Bin Laden as a leader without a country and Afghanistan is a country without the leader and I think he managed to have a very good relationship with Mullar Omar and help Mullar Omar to take over Afghanistan and Mullar Omar allowed him to use Afghanistan as a springboard for his anti western activities. SIMPSON: And so Mullar Omar let him set up his training camps and establish his entire organisation here. He called it 'Al Qaeda', 'The Base'. The implication was that it was the heart of his Jihad from which people could be trained and sent out into the world and also that it was the head office which maintained at least remote control over the campaign of terrorism. Supposedly there were figures inside the Taliban who were anxious about all this but when I interviewed the foreign minister, an intelligent, apparently moderate man, he defended him staunchly. WAKIL AHMAD MUTTAWAKIL Taliban Foreign Minister Bin Laden came to Afghanistan to take part in the Holy War against the Soviets. At that time not only us but even the Americans were happy to keep him here. He did not come by force and he will not leave by force. SIMPSON: But if he left of his own accord you would be pleased. MUTTAWAKIL: We have a government in Afghanistan, an Islamic government, and we have our own courts and laws. Secondly, those demanding that we hand him over and that we accept their demands, those people don't accept our legitimacy, they don't recognise our government so how come they are making demands on us? They are showing their power. March 2001 SIMPSON: The retro-revolution was increasing in intensity. But as his personal influence increased over Mullar Omar, so he got Afghanistan into more and more trouble abroad. It has been strongly suggested that it was Bin Laden and his associates with their deep hatred for any other religion, who persuaded the Taliban to blow up what was left of the magnificent Buddhas at Bamyan. MOIN: The destruction of Buddha monuments was a major statement by Bin Laden and Mullar Omar that if you don't recognise the government of Taliban in Afghanistan we are going to say "The hell with you, we are going to destroy that". It was a defiance to the world but the world didn't take much notice of that. August 2001 SIMPSON: The Taliban regime seems to be getting harsher internally too. Executions in public places are meant to scare the population into obedience. Then came September and the attacks in New York and Washington. Only three days before the 11th, the Northern Alliance, the one alternative government suffered a body blow. After waiting so long to return to Kabul the legendary warlord Ahmed Shah Masood was assassinated by suspected agents of Osama bin Laden just days before the attacks. Maybe it was just a coincidence, maybe not. The chances that the Northern Alliance, assuming it comes to power, will splinter and fall apart are greater than ever. JOHN SIMPSON From Afghanistan tonight Afghanistan is scarcely a country any more, it's just a blank space on the map where outside nations, Russia, the United States, Pakistan, India, have been able to interfere and fight each other by proxy with the enthusiastic co-operation of the warring Afghan factions. I'm here now to report on the next turning point, the destruction of the Taliban regime, it's just now starting. It's the most obvious cliché in the book to say that the innocent are always the victims of war, of course they are, but it's stark fact in Afghanistan and the most basic reason this terrible downward spiral of war and terrorism is that Afghanistan has become a killing field in the interests of other countries. If all the Americans and their allies do now is to smash the Taliban, destroy Bin Laden's terrorist network and then promptly forget about this country all over again then they won't have achieved very much that's serious or worthwhile and the terrible suffering Afghanistan has gone through will just begin all over again. _________ www.bbc.co.uk/panorama CREDITS Reporter John Simpson Film Camera Peter Jouvenal VT Editor Boyd Nagle Graphic Design Kaye Huddy Julie Tritton Film Research Eamonn Walsh Barry Purkis Stuart Robertson Production Team David Harrison Rebecca Maidens Ben Peachey Rosa Rudnicka Karen Sadler Amanda Vaughan-Barratt Production Manager Martha Estcourt Unit Manager Maria Ellis Film Editors Rod Longhurst Simon Thorne Jan Corcoran Juris Eksts Assistant Producers Andy Bell Kate Harrison Joanna Lee Sarah Mole Producers Tom Giles Caroline Pare Katharine Quarmby Deputy Editor Andrew Bell Editor Mike Robinson 2 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Transcribed by 1-Stop Express Services, London W2 1JG Tel: 020 7724 7953 E-mail 1-stop@msn.com