More than one in four state school pupils in England are having extra lessons after school to help them get through exams, say researchers.
A survey of 3,000 primary and secondary school students in England showed 27% of them had a private tutor.
Primary school pupils are mainly getting extra help to get them into secondary schools, and most older pupils are having it for their GCSES.
Maths and English came top of the list of subjects where pupils wanted help.