THIS WORLD Iran’s Nuclear Secrets Tx Date: 3rd May 2005 This script was made from audio tape – any inaccuracies are due to voices being unclear or inaudible 10.00.00 This World Theme Music 10.00.01 Title Page thisworld 10.00.06 Music 10.00.07 Title Page IRAN’S NUCLEAR SECRETS 10.00.12 Paul Kenyon Deep beneath these mounds of mud is the centre piece of Iran’s nuclear programme. 10.00.17 Music 10.00.18 Paul Kenyon It’s called Natanz; an underground facility the size of eight football pitches. 10.00.23 Music 00.0025 Paul Kenyon It’s covered by metres of concrete and steel. 10.00.28 Music 10.00.29 Paul Kenyon The anti-aircraft positions are on constant alert, sweeping the skies for sign of attack. 10.00.34 Music 10.00.36 Paul Kenyon Natanz would be the first target for any air strikes. 10.00.39 Music 10.00.45 President George Bush Iran remains the world’s primary state sponsor of terror; pursuing nuclear weapons while depriving its people of the freedom they seek and deserve. And to the Iranian people I say tonight; as you stand for your own liberty, America stands with you. 10.01.02 Protestors Subtitles Death to America! Death to America! 10.01.07 Paul Kenyon America’s imposed sanctions on Iran for more than two decades. America has its nuclear weapons pointing at Iran. America is now accusing Iran of trying to do the same back. President Khatami says; ‘not true’, all he has is a programme for nuclear energy. 10.01.26 Paul Kenyon Like Iran’s brand new nuclear power plant it’s proudly showing off to the world. It was declared to the international authorities, as is required by law. But now we know Iran had a secret programme too. 10.01.38 Music 10.01.40 Paul Kenyon For nearly two decades key nuclear facilities were kept hidden. 10.01.44 Music 10.01.45 Paul Kenyon Iran says they too are for nuclear energy but the same technology can be used to help build nuclear weapons. Iran’s already shown it has the missiles to deliver them. 10.01.56 Music 10.01.58 Aston STEPHEN RADEMAKER Assistant Secretary of State Arms Control We think there’s no question that, that Iran has embarked on a project to acquire nuclear weapons. 10.02.03 Aston SIROUS NASERI Senior Iranian negotiator Who are the Americans to say what we, what we want to have, what we should have and what we should want. All they have done is that they have done every effort in every manner that they could to deny us technology. 10.02.15 Stephen Rademaker I think we, we have to be very worried about that because the entire history of this programme has been one of deception. 10.02.21 Sirous Naseri It is a serious matter and they have to be careful and the message has to be very clear with them; don't play with fire. Do not play with fire. 10.02.29 Music 10.02.32 Paul Kenyon The man being welcomed by President Khatami is trying to get to the truth about Iran’s nuclear programme. 10.02.38 Music 10.02.42 Paul Kenyon Mohammed Elbaradei is head of the world body whose job it is to stop nuclear proliferation. 10.02.47 Music 10.02.51 Paul Kenyon His inspectors play a vital role as Iran stands accused of trying to develop a nuclear bomb. 10.02.57 Music 10.03.00 Aston MOHAMED ELBARADEI Director General, IAEA We are in a very unique position because we sit in judgement of governments, you know, I don’t think there’s any other UN organisation who is sitting in judgement of governments. We are the one to say, yes, you know, you, you know, we, we hold the score card and we are saying, yes you have, you have done your homework, no you haven’t done your homework, yes you have been, you know, a good student, no you have cheated, cheated during the exam and that, that’s, you know, doesn’t sit well with government. 10.03.24 Music 10.03.27 Paul Kenyon The judgement on Iran is close. The Americans have already found it guilty. In Tehran there’s talk of air strikes and how they should respond. But the only people who can discover the truth are the nuclear inspectors. 10.03.42 Paul Kenyon They find themselves at the centre of a dispute which could change the world order. They’re from the nuclear wing of the United Nations, the International Atomic Energy Agency or IAEA. 10.03.55 Paul Kenyon Chris Charlier is one of their most senior inspectors, this is his eighteenth visit to Tehran. 10.04.02 Aston CHRIS CHARLIER IAEA Inspector Whatever we say, whatever we do, they're always behind us with a video camera, with a microphone trying to record all our movement and all things that we're saying and it's a little bit disturbing because some people doesn't like it, you know, usually when, when we work we don't like to have always somebody behind us and always on, behind our shoulders and looking what we're doing or recording what we're saying but, you know, it's part of the game. 10.04.30 Music 10.04.33 Paul Kenyon It’s the clandestine nature of Iran’s nuclear energy programme that’s convinced the Americans it’s really a cover for nuclear weapons. 10.04.40 Music 10.04.46 Paul Kenyon On the outskirts of Tehran there’s a suspected nuclear facility called Lavizan. The inspectors wanted to check it; they requested access. It took more than two months to get in. 10.04.58 Chris Charlier When we asked them to get access there they starting, you know, to kind of gain time, they say well there’s nothing there, you know, we just dismantled building, there was nothing related to agency activities or, and finally, you know, after months of discussion we went there. 10.05.14 Music 10.05.16 Paul Kenyon When they finally got access, the nuclear site had changed from this. To this. It had been dismantled and soil bulldozed over it leaving nothing behind. 10.05.29 Chris Charlier All the buildings were taken apart and they’d moved some soil around. We took some samples, soil samples and vegetation samples but we couldn’t get any traces of uranium or nuclear material. 10.05.44 Music 10.05.46 Paul Kenyon Then there’s the nuclear enrichment plant buried deep in the mountains; Natanz. 10.05.51 Music 10.05.54 Paul Kenyon Inside the plan is for fifty thousand centrifuges. These are what produce enriched uranium. 10.06.00 Music 10.06.02 Paul Kenyon They spin at a thousand revolutions a second to make fuel for nuclear reactors. But they can also make weapons grade uranium for nuclear warheads. 10.06.13 Music 10.06.17 Paul Kenyon Does it make any scientific sense to have centrifuges under the ground like they have? 10.06.23 Chris Charlier No, I think basically, you know, and I think they even told us that they were afraid, you know, after the Iraq Iran war they knew that they were vulnerable, all those particularly what happened in Iraq, you know, with the, with the reactor, research reactor. So they want really now to, to put everything either underground or in, in a tunnel in the mountain so at least to make sure that in case of an attack, whatever they, they feel better protected. 10.06.54 Music 10.06.56 Paul Kenyon The world only discovered Natanz after a tip-off from an Iranian opposition group based outside the country. 10.07.02 Music 10.07.05 Paul Kenyon Iran eventually allowed the inspectors in, under something called the ‘Safeguards Agreement’, which allows the UN to monitor nuclear facilities. 10.07.13 Music 10.07.15 Chris Charlier If you play kind of hide and seek, you know and then you go around, you try to get this information and then they say well, you know, this one we don't have information. If all information that we had request to them would have been provided to the agency, we would have been in a much better position regarding where we stand to date. 10.07.33 Paul Kenyon This was Iran’s chief nuclear negotiator at the time; it was his job to give a complete picture of Iran’s nuclear programme to the agency, including Natanz. 10.07.43 Aston ALI AKBAR SALEHI Former Iranian Ambassador, IAEA That was not secret because had the enrichment facility been secret, I mean, we would have been in no position to justify our, our present position. 10.07.55 Paul Kenyon But you didn’t declare the whole of Natanz until two thousand and three. 10.07.56 Ali Akbar Salehi No, we didn't have to declare. That's the whole thing. That's the whole thing. You see you only have to declare within the Safeguards Agreement a nuclear facility, ok, this is an important thing, you have to underline it, that you only declare a nuclear facility a hundred and eighty days before you introduce the nuclear material into that. And we had, I mean the Natanz is already not yet established. 10.08.19 Music 10.08.21 Paul Kenyon Technically, that’s right, but as no-one knew about Natanz the agency has to take Iran’s word that it was going to be declared. 10.08.28 Music 10.08.31 Paul Kenyon Then there’s this. It used to be a clock factory, tucked among the warehouses of Tehran. 10.08.37 Music 10.08.39 Paul Kenyon It’s called the Kalaye Electric company. It is in fact one of Iran’s most sensitive nuclear facilities. 10.08.46 Music 10.08.48 Paul Kenyon Moments after we arrived the security services were told of our presence. When the inspectors first discovered it even Chris Charlier had trouble getting inside. 10.08.59 Aston CHRIS CHARLIER IAEA Inspector And of course, you know, we ask them to get there and they refused so, I had to back down and, you know, ask again next time, and finally, I don't know, it was April or May they agree to take us there. 10.09.12 Music 10.09.13 Paul Kenyon Chris and his colleagues wanted to take swabs from the walls, to check for nuclear particles. 10.09.18 Music 10.09.20 Chris Charlier So we, you know, was just walking around and looking and, you know, that building where that room was a little bit, storage room was a little bit suspicious, everything has been, new tiles to the roof, you know, painting, redesigned, new tiles down, everything was just brand new. So, it was even still smelling of painting, you know, because it was just freshly paint. 10.09.47 Ali Akbar Salehi I mean you cannot wash a room that you have done experiments, nuclear experiments within. It's very easy to trace even the least amount of material in a room. 10.10.01 Chris Charlier Well, maybe for him, you know, but for us, it's the way that, you know this swipe sample, after that, you know, it was difficult to take because all the parts that has been exposed over the year, where could have been some particles of uranium, have been covered, repainted, you know, the time we didn't want to starting to dismantle the whole building. But it was obvious that they wanted to hide something. So, that's life. 10.10.24 Music 10.10.26 Paul Kenyon Despite the paint job the inspectors did finally manage to find some nuclear particles at Kalaye. They give a clue as to whether the facility was making nuclear fuel or something more sinister. 10.10.38 Music 10.10.39 Paul Kenyon For fuel the uranium must be enriched to around five percent. For making weapons grade uranium it needs to be processed for much longer, until it’s enriched to around ninety percent. But any particles significantly above five percent could be an indication of a secret weapons programme. 10.10.57 Music 10.10.59 Chris Charlier You know, we didn’t know what we were swiping, we just take from different locations, you know, from equipment, from windows, from, and then, you know, when we did the analysis we find out that there was the spectrum and distribution of the particle and it was, yes quite surprising to have this concentration of particles around thirty-six and fifty-four percent. 10.11.21 Music 10.11.22 Paul Kenyon Enriched to fifty-four percent; the Iranians deny doing it. They say the particles are just contamination from the country where they bought the centrifuges. 10.11.34 Ali Akbar Salehi This, the IAEA has come to believe and it is very easy, I mean, to resolve this issue, I, I would say technically but not on TV shows, that this has come from outside, I mean this, I mean and you can trace this. 10.11.51 Chris Charlier They claim that that contamination came from outside. Well, you know, for the moment we, we, we couldn’t prove opposite way so what we’re trying is to get information from third parties, who provide this component and try to, to corroborate. 10.12.06 Ali Akbar Salehi They are being meticulous on this issue because of Iran being in a specific case. You know, our case is, it’s been more of a political case rather than a technical and legal case. 10.12.21 Music 10.12.22 Paul Kenyon The mystery of the highly-enriched particles is still unresolved. It’s Iran’s pattern of behaviour which has raised suspicions its energy programme is really just a cover for making weapons. 10.12.33 Music 10.12.36 Chris Charlier They tried really, I believe, to conceal their, their, their programme and their activities. And yeah well, maybe there is still other things that they are doing and we, we couldn't find and that's why we're getting suspicious, you know, after twenty years of working with them and something like that happens, it takes time to rebuild confidence and we are trying and I explained to them that, you know, you lose confidence very, very easily but to rebuild it, it will take years and you cannot just over one or two months, you know, say now everything is back to normal, it will take years. 10.13.13 Paul Kenyon The evidence gathered in Iran is brought here; Vienna. 10.13.16 Music 10.13.18 Paul Kenyon It’s home to the headquarters of the IAEA or the International Atomic Energy Agency. It’s part of the United Nations and decides whether countries are sticking to the rules of nuclear non-proliferation. The agency has helped keep nuclear peace for nearly fifty years. 10.13.34 Music 10.13.36 Paul Kenyon This is the man in charge. He makes sure no one makes the jump from nuclear energy to nuclear bombs. 10.13.43 Aston MOHAMED ELBARADEI Director General, IAEA I think I've been criticized by just about everybody who in the process of one inspection or another I've been, you know, criticized by the North Koreans, by the Iraqis before the war, by, by the Iranians, by some of the US media. 10.13.58 Mohamed Elbaradei Velma, did you talk to them? 10.13.59 Music 10.14.04 Mohamed Elbaradei That comes with the territory, I don't take that very seriously as long as I, I go home and I have a clear conscious that I have done my job as, as impartial, as objective as possible then, then I can go for a good night’s sleep. 10.14.15 Music 10.14.17 Paul Kenyon Before he gets to his important meeting on Iran there’s just time to tell you what might keep him awake at night. The treaty at the heart of his agency, the one we depend on for nuclear peace, is starting to show cracks. 10.14.31 Mohamed Elbaradei Good morning to you, we are about to start our important board meeting where we are discussing Iran, we are saying that we are making good progress, that it was difficult at the beginning because of the pattern of concealment by Iran but since December of last year we have seen appreciable improvement in cooperation. 10.14.53 Music 10.14.55 Paul Kenyon The diplomats about to pass judgement on Iran know the treaty they oversee contains a dangerous contradiction. It’s a contradiction Iran’s been accused of exploiting to help it make nuclear weapons. 10.15.06 Music 10.15.10 Paul Kenyon And this is it. 10.15.12 Paul Kenyon All countries are entitled to one of these; a nuclear energy programme. 10.15.16 Music 10.15.18 Paul Kenyon But those with the best nuclear technology, America for example, are supposed to share it with the rest. Iran for example. That’s what it says in the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty or NPT. The problem is once you can produce nuclear energy you’re not far from getting one of these. 10.15.39 Explosion 10.15.44 Aston SIROUS NASERI Senior Iranian negotiator We have the right, an inalienable right to produce nuclear energy, not just to use but to produce nuclear energy. That means, and production of course, does bury, does contain within it, production of fuel. Right? We have that right. It is inalienable and nobody can take it away from us. On legal grounds. 10.16.07 Aston STEPHEN RADEMAKER Assistant Secretary of State Arms Control The treaty says that, under article four of the treaty, that there is this inalienable, inalienable right. However, that is subject to compliance with the other provisions of the treaty. So, if a country is embarked on a project to develop nuclear weapons, it does not have an inalienable right to, to these kinds of technologies. 10.16.26 Paul Kenyon And that’s left these meetings on Iran’s future a little bit strained. It finds itself denied peaceful nuclear technology because of suspicions it’s using it to make a bomb. 10.16.37 Paul Kenyon Do you find the Americans reasonable in their negotiations? 10.16.41 Sirous Naseri Americans? We are not talking to the Americans? 10.16.43 Stephen Rademaker The entire history of this programme has been one of deception and the problem in this area is that, in the entire area of inspections with regard to weapons of mass destruction is you don’t know what you don’t know. We know what we know and it is alarming. We don’t know what we don’t know. 10.17.01 Sirous Naseri We don’t know much about the Americans, we have no, we are not talking to each other, we don’t negotiate with each other, it’s all, you know, there is a wide distance between us. 10.17.15 Paul Kenyon Would you like to negotiate with them? Would you, personally? 10.17.18 Sirous Naseri With the Americans? With the positions they have? It’s useless, it’s useless. Our positions are wide apart. If we sit here like you and me sitting right now, we talk to each other for five minutes and we will have a fight. 10.17.33 Music 10.17.38 Paul Kenyon Mohammed Elbaradei’s on a trip to New York. The Iranian problem is following him around. It’s an opportunity to spread a little diplomacy. 10.17.48 Music 10.17.49 Paul Kenyon Not with the Americans; they want Iran sent to the UN Security Council, which could even lead to military intervention. 10.17.56 Music 10.17.57 Paul Kenyon But there are three European countries who don’t want that; the United Kingdom, France and Germany, the so called EU three. They prefer diplomacy. Their starting point is this; Iran must suspend its nuclear enrichment programme. 10.18.18 Paul Kenyon This is another of Iran’s nuclear negotiators. 10.18.21 Negotiators meeting 10.18.36 Aston MOHAMED ELBARADEI Director General, IAEA I've seen big headlines saying Elbaradei is a spy, you know, and in, in, in, in Iranian newspaper but I don't take that seriously obviously when, when the Iranian delegation come here we sit, you know, around the table, you know, have a cup of coffee and, and discuss the problems. You know, they explain to me their point of view, I explain to them my point of view and, and they do the same, the American do the same, you know, that's part of the diplomacy. I mean they, people deal at different levels, you know, at the public relation level, at the diplomatic level, at intelligence level, at, at so many different levels they are different type of intercourse. 10.19.09 Mohamed Elbaradei Subtitles I know you want things, specific timing and stuff, but don’t be too rigid, eh? The important thing is go through... once you start an agreement, and a dialogue, the focus will not be on the suspension or what have you, but the focus will be how the framework is being implemented. 10.19.33 Negotiator Subtitles The problem as far as the Europeans are concerned is that both the Europeans as well as the negotiators have lost credibility in Iran. It’s not a problem of confidence on their side, it’s a problem of confidence on our side, as well as confidence in our own sort of credibility at home. , 10.19.54 Mohamed Elbaradei I keep saying to the Iranians; the more transparent you are the better for you because we will never be able to establish confidence we never ever, ever, never be able to provide assurances required by the international community unless, unless we see a full openness and full transparency. 10.20.11 Negotiators chatting 10.20.14 Paul Kenyon This is a German diplomat; a potential ally for Iran. At least they’re prepared to talk. 10.20.19 Negotiators chatting 10.20.30 Paul Kenyon The French are also here. They, like the others, want Iran to suspend its entire nuclear enrichment programme. That means the underground facility at Natanz. 10.20.44 Mohamed Elbaradei I mean I’m urging them strongly that they should get into, you know, into a suspension mode, if you like. But they need obviously as we discussed with Stanislav and others, we need something concrete for them to show to their people that things are, you know, that they are getting something in return for the suspension which is not easy of course now in Iraq. 10.21.08 Paul Kenyon In a few weeks time the decision will be made on Iran’s future. If they refuse to suspend their nuclear energy programme the diplomats might have to make way for military strategists. It all rests on a meeting of the agency in Vienna. 10.21.21 Music 10.21.28 Paul Kenyon It’s November; diplomats are arriving from around the world. Tomorrow, in this chamber, they’ll hear the charge sheet against Iran, the recent findings of the inspectors and a reminder of what the Americans call twenty years of deceit. Then, they’ll pass judgement. 10.21.45 Paul Kenyon For the Americans are already trying to exert pressure. A congressman is here to convince Elbaradei that Iran’s on its way to a bomb. 10.21.53 Congressman The world is not better off every time somebody develops a, a weapon. We’re in a much more, the world is in a much more vulnerable situation whether it be that person next door or miles away. 10.22.05 Aston SIROUS NASERI Senior Iranian negotiator Who are the Americans to say what we, what we want to have, what we should have or what we should not. All they have done is that they have done every effort in every manner that they could to deny us technology. 10.22.16 Mohamed Elbaradei We can’t continue to say every country should be able to sit on an enrichment factory or a plutonium factory because we now know if you’re doing that you are very few months away from a weapons programme whether you are an open nuclear weapons state or closeted nuclear weapons state. 10.22.32 Congressman They need to know that the world means business here and that the world is, is, you know, we don’t want to get into a violent confrontation here if there is any way of avoiding it, nobody wants that but they need to know that you’re very serious. 10.22.51 Paul Kenyon The next day the trial of Iran begins. If found guilty the agency will send it to the UN security council. 10.23.02 Music 10.23.06 Paul Kenyon Despite last minute pressure from America, Dr Elbaradei will tell them there’s no proof Iran wants a bomb. 10.23.12 Music 10.23.15 Mohamed Elbaradei Where’s my paper, I give it to somebody…. 10.23.20 Aston MOHAMED ELBARADEI Director General, IAEA I change every word sometimes twenty times, in the middle of the night, six in the morning, of course because I have to, I have to do two things, I have to make sure that, you know, I'm really adopting an as much as impartial and objective posture as humanly possible and that's my job, you know because I, these are the facts on which they make judgement and I do not want to in any way to prejudge that process. I need to give them the fact as bare as, as possible, without any colouring, to, enable them frankly to be, to take the decision on the basis of as, as much objective on the fact, on the ground as possible. 10.23.59 Aston STEPHEN RADEMAKER Assistant Secretary of State Arms Control I think, one must read those reports as a critical reader, the IAEA is an international organization, it’s staffed by diplomats, those reports are written in very diplomatic language. So you will not find in those reports for instance the sentence; Iran lied to us about this. But paragraph after paragraph in those reports, any objective reader who reads a paragraph understands that Iran lied about issue after issue after issue and Iran was brought around to revealing the truth only when confronted, with irrefutable evidence by the IAEA inspectors, it, it is a damning indictment it’s not a product of the US government, it’s a product of the international inspectors from the IAEA. 10.24.39 Paul Kenyon But the meeting has to stop; Iran’s fate can’t be decided until the talks with the Europeans have concluded. And that doesn’t look imminent. Iran won’t abandon its nuclear energy programme but it might suspend it in return for financial incentives. 10.24.55 Sirous Naseri It is not the main dish. The main course is; we are going to be a nuclear fuel producer. We have all the elements in place. We have the technology. We have the facilities. We have the capability. We have the knowledge and know-how. The knowledge and know-how is progressing systematically as well and this is, this is progress and technology and you cannot stop progress. There is no way that you can stop progress. You can deny technology but you cannot stop progress that is already existing and it is home grown. We want to be a player in the realm of supply of nuclear fuel. This is the future. 10.25.35 Paul Kenyon Facing Naseri across the negotiating table is this man. He’s the UK’s Chief Negotiator. He’ll have to offer some hefty incentives to convince Iran to suspend a programme it has every right to. Iran wants trade agreements and an easing of sanctions. 10.25.53 Aston PETER JENKINS British Ambassador, IAEA It’s challenging because they are very, very skilful negotiators and they come of course from a completely different cultural tradition to ours. They like to probe, to explore, to reassure themselves in a sense that they have explored every opportunity for getting the most out of those with whom they are negotiating. So it follows that you, as a westerner, have to be very much on your guard. 10.26.24 Sirous Naseri Listen, this programme that you have is not for sale. And I think the Europeans know this very well. And I do not say this in a sarcastic way, I really say it based on really common sense; we have had a very miserable experience in the past twenty-five years about what ought to be provided and should be, there should be an open flow of technology, equipment and material to Iran and all has been denied and has been denied vigorously and systematically. Imagine that all of a sudden everything becomes rosy and we can have confidence and trust in what would be provided to Iran from this point onward not subject to anything that might happen in the political sphere. It’s just bit far fetched and I think it’s unrealistic to think along those lines. 10.27.20 Paul Kenyon The talks spill over into the next day. Iran’s making it clear; any suspension will only be temporary. 10.27.29 Paul Kenyon They want to start making nuclear fuel again as soon as possible. The talks with the three European countries continue to hold up the agency’s decision on Iran. 10.27.40 Peter Jenkins I think at the moment, at least, British government policy at least is, does have as its objective to persuade Iran to abandon these activities. 10.27.51 Sirous Naseri How do you know that this is their bottom line? Bottom line is not something that one would present at the commencement of negotiations. 10.27.59 Paul Kenyon When we speak to the Iranians and you will know this very well, they will say; the bottom line is we will never abandon our enrichment programme, it just wont happen. 10.28.07 Peter Jenkins That’s what they say. 10.28.10 Paul Kenyon Makes your job difficult that doesn’t it? 10.28.11 Peter Jenkins Well, it, it, I said earlier on that negotiating with the Iranians is a challenge and certainly you’re right, they are not at this point allowing much, much room for, for, for optimism. 10.28.25 Sirous Naseri Of course they know that suspension is quite tied up to the progress in negotiations and that is something that we will have to evaluate as things proceed. 10.28.38 Peter Jenkins We don’t yet feel we’ve reached the end of the road, there is still time ahead of us and we will continue trying to persuade them. 10.28.48 Paul Kenyon Journalists are starting to smell failure. They’re talking about Iran as the new Iraq. 10.28.53 Music 10.28.58 Mark This is Mark Wezbeki from the IAEA. He called earlier, so if you’re interested in a statement that’s fine but I’m afraid no, no interviews 10.29.08 Music 10.29.10 Paul Kenyon Some diplomats from other nuclear energy countries are becoming uneasy. 10.29.15 Aston ABDUL MINTY South African Representative, IAEA Iran feels it’s being unfairly treated and we feel that because of the Iranian issue all of us are also being victimised all of a sudden, to say none of us must have this capacity. When we discuss it with individual countries as South Africa they say; oh no we won’t apply it to you, you’re good, and our ministers have told them we’re good today but tomorrow you might decide we’re not good. So how can we determine our future on the basis of whether you like us or not later. So we can’t accept this principle, if we have to and if we are forced to then I think everyone will just give up the NPT and that will create a great danger for the world. 10.29.49 Paul Kenyon If Iran can be persuaded to suspend its nuclear enrichment programme it’ll be the first member state to do so. It’ll mean it can’t be trusted not to turn an energy programme into one for weapons. 10.30.03 Mohamed Elbaradei Everyone wants to make sure that Iran is not developing nuclear weapons, I don’t think anybody disagrees with that objective but there’s a lot of disagreement on how you can achieve that goal. 10.30.12 Aston MOHAMED ELBARADEI Director General, IAEA This is what this whole negotiation is about; it takes time, you know, people try to reach agreement at the very last minute because they try to, you know, get concessions, you know and, and, and, and play hard ball until the very last moment but they know that say by tomorrow night or maximum over the weekend they have to reach an agreement, they know that everybody would lose if they do not reach an agreement. 10.30.35 Spokesman No, I don’t, I don’t think Sunday is possible. Tomorrow, if they we run past today it will definitely be Saturday. 10.30.43 Paul Kenyon The three European countries; the UK, France and Germany are locked in discussions with Iran well into the weekend. 10.30.54 Paul Kenyon Then, late on the Sunday night, the talks relocate to the French embassy. And there’s a breakthrough. 10.31.02 Paul Kenyon Iran has agreed to suspend its entire nuclear enrichment programme. 10.31.08 Negotiator Alright, thank you, bye. 10.31.12 Negotiator He says Minister Straw, Secretary Straw maybe interested and may, may, he is interested and may even be able to work it out in his schedules. So let’s work this out through our ambassadors. 10.31.27 Music 10.31.31 Paul Kenyon The next day Dr Elbaradei prepares to tell the world. 10.31.34 Music 10.31.37 Paul Kenyon But the choice of wording is important. The suspension is just temporary one, maybe just until the next meeting of the agency in three months time. 10.31.46 Spokesman Excuse me, excuse me, please be quiet otherwise you’re not going to be able to hear Dr Elbaradei. 10.31.53 Mohamed Elbaradei We just completed our board deliberation, the board of governors that, of our, the IAEA member states adopted, an important resolution that takes stock of where we are. 10.32.07 Paul Kenyon Are you prepared to continue your suspension? 10.32.10 Aston SIROUS NASERI Senior Iranian negotiator This is in my hands and I’m not going to open my hands. I just have to see progress in these issues. 10.32.16 Paul Kenyon What kind of progress, what do you want to see? 10.32.18 Sirous Naseri The list that we have to see is that of course there is some movement on the political issues, on economic matters. 10.32.27 Aston PETER JENKINS British Ambassador, IAEA Yeah, I think is this definitely one of the major issues in, in, in, in foreign policy and in international relations of our time because it’s, it is an issue that has the potential at least to develop into a major threat to international peace and security and therefore a major threat to the international order if you like. 10.32.51 Music 10.32.53 Paul Kenyon Back in Iran, the talks in Vienna dominate the newspapers and TV news. On the streets, away from the cameras, people ask us when the Americans are going to attack. 10.33.03 Music 10.33.05 Paul Kenyon There’s considerable national pride about the nuclear programme but we found no-one who thinks it is, or should be, for nuclear weapons. 10.33.15 Paul Kenyon Do you talk, amongst yourselves, about whether you have, whether you have nuclear weapons in this country? 10.33.22 Men in street Subtitles Yes, when you’re in your shops or at home you discuss nuclear energy. 10.33.27 Paul Kenyon Do you talk about America’s threatening language against Iran? 10.33.34 Men in street Subtitles Yes, yes, we do… and we laugh about the joke. 10.33.38 Translator They laugh at this joke. It’s a joke. 10.33.45 Man 1 in street Subtitles Iran says it’s only using it for peaceful means, for energy and electricity. Iran has no intention of fighting a war, it doesn’t want to fight with the world. 10.33.56 Man 2 in street Subtitles Nuclear energy, yes. Since the Revolution, Iran hasn’t deceived anyone. As I said, it is the right of our people and we should have it. 10.34.11 Man 3 in street I think we need it not for making bombs or anything else but for peaceful usage maybe. 10.34.23 Music 10.34.24 Paul Kenyon The symbols of American hatred are as old as the Islamic revolution. This used to be the US embassy until it became the scene of the last stand off between Iran and America; the hostage crisis of nineteen seventy-nine. More than fifty US diplomats were held here for more than a year to humiliate America for interfering in Iran’s affairs. 10.34.46 Music 10.34.47 Paul Kenyon It’s now an office for the Ayatollah’s revolutionary guard. 10.34.51 Protestors Subtitles Death to America! Death to America! 10.35.06 Paul Kenyon Now there’s a new issue to unify them against their common enemy. It’s the twenty-fifth anniversary of the revolution. 10.35.13 Paul Kenyon President Khatami uses this, one of his most important speeches of the year, to attack anyone who questions their right to nuclear power. 10.35.21 President Khatami Subtitles Our nation, our young people and our scientists didn’t get permission or help from outsiders. This technology which completes the scientific wheel of our country, they didn’t build it to have it destroyed by the illegitimate demands of outsiders. 10.35.46 Paul Kenyon But despite its right to nuclear energy American sanctions have denied it the technology and the hardware it required for two decades. 10.35.55 Paul Kenyon Why were you less than honest, or less than forthright? 10.35.58 Aston ALI AKBAR SALEHI Former Iranian Ambassador, IAEA Because of the sanctions, the international sanctions. I mean engage with Iran and see how Iran behaves. You cannot confront Iran and expect Iran to, to be the good side and you play whatever game you wish with Iran and then expect Iran to, you know, stick to all, you know, the niceties that involves the other side. I mean, this is just not right. 10.36.26 Aston STEPHEN RADEMAKER Assistant Secretary of State Arms Control Clearly there’s a large scale multi-billion dollar nuclear programme underway in Iran and for eighteen years it was carried on in a clandestine manner. 10.36.34 Paul Kenyon They will say they carried on in a clandestine manner because there were sanctions against them, they had to do things on the black market because they couldn’t do things openly, that’s all. 10.35.42 Stephen Rademaker That makes absolutely no sense, the, they had treaty obligations to, to reveal to the IAEA under their Safeguards Agreement this kind of activity. For eighteen years they defied their, their legal obligations. Frankly it would have been much easier for them to acquire the kinds of things they say they needed had they been proceeding in a lawful manner rather than an unlawful manner. 10.37.05 Paul Kenyon Because of the sanctions you were forced into secrecy. 10.37.08 Ali Akbar Salehi Yes. When I say secrecy, secrecy in the sense, not illegalities, secrecy is different from illegalities. 10.37.15 Music 10.37.20 Paul Kenyon Secrecy meant turning to the black market. A black market with strong links here, to the Pakistan city of Islamabad. There was an international network of rogue scientists and businessmen selling nuclear secrets to anyone interested. 10.37.38 Paul Kenyon Its boss was this man; a nuclear scientist called Dr AQ Khan. 10.37.43 Music 10.37.46 Paul Kenyon Khan used to be the head of Pakistan’s nuclear programme. His government told the world it was just for nuclear energy. Then in nineteen ninety-eight this happened. 10.37.56 Music/Explosion 10.37.58 Paul Kenyon Its first underground nuclear test. The truth was out. But what the world didn’t know is that Khan’s network was selling the same technology to other regimes. 10.38.11 Paul Kenyon In Libya the network had sold plans and nuclear equipment to Colonel Gadaffi. He claimed it was for energy; the agency was suspicious. 10.38.23 Paul Kenyon Finally under international pressure Gadaffi surrendered his entire nuclear programme to the Americans two years ago. 10.38.31 Band music 10.38.34 Paul Kenyon Khan was also selling to North Korea. Again, it was under American sanctions and so had gone underground to acquire its technology. Two years ago it announced it had developed a nuclear weapon. 10.38.48 Missile 10.38.54 Paul Kenyon Then there was Iran. The Khan network sold them nuclear secrets and equipment for several years. 10.39.00 Band music 10.39.03 Aston CHRIS CHARLIER IAEA Inspector I don’t think that with the help of the network Iran will be so advanced today, they will be still in the maybe theoretical R and D project but they will have their heart, they will still have long time in front, in front of them before coming to where they stand today. 10.39.20 Music 10.39.23 Paul Kenyon For his illegal proliferation Pakistan didn’t put khan on trial, he was simply made to apologise. 10.39.31 AQ Khan I have chosen to appear before you to offer my deepest regrets and unqualified apologies, to a traumatised nation, on account of my activities which were based in good faith but on errors of judgment related to unauthorised proliferation activities. 10.39.50 Music 10.39.50 Paul Kenyon The problem is that Khan’s network spread well outside Pakistan; from North Africa to South East Asia. Hundreds worked for it; it’s hard to check who Iran dealt with or what Iran bought. 10.40.03 Ali Akbar Salehi We went to the black market. Now where that item and items have come from, this is another issue, ok. But at the time when we disclose this issue to the IAEA, we told them which country we went to as a black market, not with the government of that country but the country and the companies and the… 10.40.26 Paul Kenyon And which country was it? 10.40.27 Ali Akbar Salehi Well, well I, I, I probably it's not, it’s appropriate for me to say this. It's better for an official to say this but there was a country, you know, that people went to that country and, and, and, and they got into negotiation with those who were involved in this black market and they bought what they wanted to buy and unfortunately many of the things that we bought were useless. 10.40.55 Music 10.40.56 Paul Kenyon We do know that the network sold Iran nuclear equipment from Pakistan. Khan’s now under house arrest in Islamabad but still a national hero for helping his own country develop the bomb. 10.41.09 Stephen Rademaker AQ Khan obviously has a lot of very useful information about his network and the kinds of transfers that, to other countries that that network engaged in. We have been working with the Pakistani authorities to get to the bottom of the AQ Khan network, and I really can’t get in to the details of that co-operation. 10.41.32 Paul Kenyon You say you’re working with them, but you’d just like him to be handed over for interview wouldn’t you, that would be the simplest solution. 10.41.38 Stephen Rademaker Our view is the more access the better. We are continuing to work with the Pakistani authorities to achieve the maximum amount of access possible. 10.41.47 Missiles launching 10.41.53 Paul Kenyon But the UN inspectors don’t just want access to Khan they also need to get inside Pakistan’s nuclear facilities. 10.42.00 Music 10.42.02 Paul Kenyon And this is why. It was Khan’s network which sold Iran the centrifuges used here at its nuclear facility in Kalaye. When inspectors found suspicious nuclear material at this site, the Iranians said it was just contamination. The particles, they said, had come from Pakistan where the centrifuges were first used. It’s a crucial defence and one the inspectors need to validate. In Pakistan itself. 10.42.27 Music 10.42.29 Paul Kenyon But Pakistan’s President has been in no mood to help the inspectors. 10.42.33 President Musharaf Nobody comes inside and checks our things. We check them ourselves. There are Europeans involved; have you gone and asked them that the same thing should be done there also? That they should submit their documents? That the government should come forward and get the United Nations there, have you asked them this? This is a sovereign country; nobody, no document will be given. No independent investigation will take place here and we will not submit to any United Nations coming inside here. 10.42.35 Aston 6th February 2004 10.43.04 Music 10.43.06 Paul Kenyon To resolve this stalemate there’s been intense diplomatic activity at the United Nations. 10.43.10 Music 10.43.15 Paul Kenyon In New York, Dr Elbaradei has been meeting with Pakistan’s envoys, hoping for answers to the Iranian question. He’s still pushing for access to Khan and to Pakistan’s nuclear facilities, albeit gently. 10.43.31 Mohamed Elbaradei Subtitles We just take a swipe sample, that would help us a lot, frankly, and get you off the hook. We also need some people to talk about what happened to validate the Iranian story – again in a very confidential way – because the Iranians now tell us who came and who did what. I do not want, as I say, to continue to be the focus… And I’m not criticising, but we do need to get to the focus… The earlier, frankly, we clear you out of this mess, the better. So that…and I hope people, I mean, I’m trying, as you know, to help. 10.44.08 Pakistani Envoy Subtitles Mohamed, listen, from our side, you know, there’s been a lot of sensitivities, a lot of suspicions. They’re suspicious about various things, so we have to, we have to be very careful how we do this. 10.44.29 Mohamed Elbaradei Subtitle Oh absolutely, and I agree. 10.44.32 Paul Kenyon There’s been some progress; Pakistan has agreed to ask AQ Khan the inspectors’ questions but without the agency being present. 10.44.42 Mohamed Elbaradei We are getting good cooperation from, from Pakistan and but if and when we'll be able to talk to him directly I mean obviously this will be a plus. 10.44.49 Paul Kenyon How much would it help the agency if they could talk to him directly do you think? 10.44.52 Aston MOHAMED ELBARADEI Director General, IAEA I think we are making good progress even without talking to him directly because we're talking to a lot of other people that have been involved in that network. 10.44.58 Paul Kenyon Have you been saying to the Pakistanis it’s really important, we want to interview him. I mean you put quite a bit of pressure on, on them haven't you? 10.45.03 Mohamed Elbaradei But I also understand the sensitivity of, of, of AQ Khan within, within the Pakistani society right now. So we, we don't, we don't push the envelope, you know, as, you know, to the point of becoming counterproductive. 10.45.18 Music 10.45.23 Paul Kenyon Back in Iran the inspectors have moved south. They’re here to make sure that Iran has suspended its programme as it’s agreed. 10.45.33 Music 10.45.35 Chris Charlier You cannot go there alone, you know, you are escorted from people from the facility, from the national safeguard, from the state authority. 10.45.43 Aston CHRIS CHARLIER IAEA Inspector They never object to what we’re doing but, you know, it’s, it’s quite a little bit always under stress when you have people on your back all the time, you know, and when you have one person, you know, it’s kind of a friend, you know, you go with them but when you have five or six person around you all the time and, and, you know, there’s a microphone trying to, each time they come near, it’s very difficult to work in these conditions. 10.46.07 Music 10.46.08 Paul Kenyon This is the nuclear facility they’re going to inspect at Esfahan. We’d been invited with them but when we arrived, we were told we’d be arrested if we got the camera out. Last time they were here, two months ago, the inspectors found something suspicious. 10.46.22 Music 10.46.24 Chris Charlier We saw from satellite imagery that there were connections between the site and a tunnel that they were digging something in a tunnel. 10.46.31 Paul Kenyon They discovered a tunnel beneath the site, which had not been declared to the inspectors despite all Iran’s talk of transparency. 10.46.39 Chris Charlier When we found out abut that they just told us that the facility will be related and they will, to the site and they will use it as a storage for nuclear material and equipment just to protect material and equipment from air attack or air strikes. 10.46.57 Music 10.47.02 Paul Kenyon During this inspection Iranian newspapers warned of American spy planes above and said they would be shot down if spotted. 10.47.09 Music 10.47.11 Paul Kenyon Back at the hotel the inspectors know the delicacy of their position. The undeclared tunnel could affect Iran’s fragile talks with the three European countries. But for now at least it seems the suspension is holding. 10.47.25 Music 10.47.32 Inspector We are going to the next inspection, to Natanz. 10.47.36 Paul Kenyon Natanz would be the first of Iran’s nuclear sites to be hit in any air strike. 10.47.43 Music 10.47.44 Paul Kenyon The facility at Natanz enriches uranium. They say for nuclear fuel but the same equipment could be used for weapons grade uranium. 10.47.53 Music 10.47.57 Paul Kenyon Despite being given permission to film Natanz by the Vice President of Iran, when the security services heard we were planning a visit we were warned not to follow the inspectors here but to take a different road back to Tehran. 10.48.11 Paul Kenyon We’d already taken these pictures. 10.48.15 Paul Kenyon On our journey back to Tehran we were followed by the security services the whole way. In the early hours of the next morning we were detained at the airport. The bulk of our film of the inspectors and our notebooks were confiscated. 10.48.32 Paul Kenyon A few weeks later the diplomats are back in Vienna. It’s the first meeting of the agency since Iran’s suspension was agreed. The talks on incentives are finely balanced and Iran’s becoming impatient. 10.48.46 Sirous Naseri Nuclear energy will play a much more significant role and prominent role within the next ten to fifteen years. 10.48.53 Paul Kenyon But the Americans are taking a tough line. Even though they’re not part of the negotiations they’re pressurising from the wings. They expect the talks with the Europeans to collapse soon sending Iran to the UN Security Council. For now they’re going to read out the nuclear charge sheet against Iran. 10.49.12 Paul Kenyon Like the site at Lavizan, which, by the time the inspectors got there, had been completely dismantled and bulldozed over. And then there’s the fresh finding of the secret tunnel; the Iranians are calling it a ‘storage facility’. 10.49.30 Sirous Naseri You must be all tired, why don’t you just go home and rest. There’s not much happening here anymore. Well thank you all for being here. The question has been raised about a storage facility in Esfahan. I think there we, what it boils down to we have bit of mis- communication between us and the agency. This storage facility has nothing to do with the conversion process, it is simply a storage facility, therefore it is doubtful that it was even declarable. 10.50.04 Aston MOHAMED ELBARADEI Director General, IAEA I have been urging the last few days, you know, to Iran to be more transparent, to go out of its way to be open and not just to play by the book but because of exactly what you’ve said the programme for a while has been undeclared for quite a number of years in fact and because of that Iran is a special case and in order to build confidence that was lost because of this clandestine nature of the programme. They need to do everything possible to restore confidence and the best way to do that is through full and complete transparency. 10.50.38 Aston SIROUS NASERI Senior Iranian negotiator My God, what has…asked for? They are just all over. And everything is open to them, the kind of access that we have provided; there are not too many states who are prepared for it. I'm sure the United Kingdom would not allow the inspectors to go to military sights, would they? It would be simply too far fetched to even think about it. But we have, not where there are obligations but simply as a means to provide to, to enhance confidence further and to allow this whole political, you know, hanky panky that has been created by the Americans to settle down a bit so people can think more rationally. 10.51.17 Paul Kenyon Again Iran’s agreement with the three European countries is holding but there seems to be a momentum to the process, pushing it towards breaking point. That could be in June at the next meeting of the agency. 10.51.31 Aston STEPHEN RADEMAKER Assistant Secretary of State Arms Control The position of the United States is that we would like complete cessation and dismantlement of the enrichment programme in Iran. 10.51.39 Paul Kenyon They will not do that; that is a non-negotiable for them. 10.51.42 Stephen Rademaker That is what they say but the EU Three have the same position on this as we do, so it is not the United States alone that is making this demand of the Iranians. 10.51.51 Paul Kenyon Is Iran prepared to give up its enrichment programme? 10.51.55 Aston ALI AKBAR SALEHI Former Iranian Ambassador, IAEA No. No. 10.51.57 Paul Kenyon Is it prepared to continue the suspension indefinitely? 10.52.01 Ali Akbar Salehi No, these are the red lines that has been drawn by the, by the supreme leader and by the government, so… 10.52.09 Aston PETER JENKINS British Ambassador, IAEA Well the French have a wonderful phrase which is [French], nothing lasts as long as the provisional and the temporary. So I suppose, I suppose one could envisage the suspension continuing indefinitely and I suppose that might be easier for the Iranian's than to announce that they had abandoned. 10.52.32 Paul Kenyon Is there any possibility at all that Iran will continue its suspension of its enrichment programme beyond June? 10.52.40 Aston SIROUS NASERI Senior Iranian negotiator I am not going to suggest any date at all, I think it is wrong to do that and I think it harms the negotiations. 10.52.48 Paul Kenyon Some of your colleagues back in Iran did say that by June they would very much suspect that they would continue the recommendations. 10.52.53 Sirous Naseri What the other colleagues say, they say. I am negotiating, this is something that is in my hand and I’m not opening my hand. 10.53.01 Paul Kenyon Away from the diplomatic dance the agency’s investigation of Iran has taken it to Libya. Here they’ve found startling evidence from AQ Khan’s nuclear network. It could change the way the world deals with the nuclear threat. 10.53.17 Paul Kenyon This is the first time the agency has spoken of it. Recently they seized plans for an entire nuclear programme in electronic form. 10.53.28 Aston OLLI HEINONEN IAEA Inspector A lot of this information is in computerised or electronic form. They were stored in their computers of the employees of those companies and we had access to some of those computers and you’ll see here some CD’s, there are some back-ups of the hard discs etcetera. What we’ve got here is actually, are, these are a complete set of drawings of P1 centrifuges, so called P1 centrifuges, it includes the drawings of every component and how you put the thing together. 10.54.01 Paul Kenyon It took the world years to acquire the knowledge to build centrifuges now we know the designs can be passed around at the click of a button. 10.54.08 Paul Kenyon Is that from the Khan network? 10.54.10 Olli Heinonen This is from the network we, we call it, for us it’s just a clandestine procurement network, we don’t name it to any person. What is, you know, disturbing for us is that this is in electronic form, it means that it’s easy to copy, it’s easy to maintain and it’s easy to pass around and one of our jobs is actually to find out who got this and we are talking therefore of these people of network, we have already got the person who made the copies and we are now talking with the person who may have done disk and I hope to get form them a list of… 10.54.51 Paul Kenyon How much is the information worth on those discs? 10.54.55 Olli Heinonen Well, it’s very difficult to say but you know, we’ve been from time to time speculating but I think it’s perhaps millions of dollars. 10.55.03 Music 10.55.07 Paul Kenyon Those plans are likely to have been used by Iran to help build its nuclear programme. Now they’re in computer form the genie’s out of the bottle, which other countries or even terrorists already have the nuclear secrets on the discs. 10.55.22 Music 10.55.24 Paul Kenyon One government may have had enough. 10.55.28 Paul Kenyon These are pictures from inside the cockpit of an Israeli F-16 bomber. It’s on a mission to destroy a nuclear reactor that Israel believes is a cover for making nuclear weapons. This is Saddam’s Iraq in nineteen eighty-one; the last time Israel sensed a nuclear threat in the region. The pilots had been told beforehand; ‘the alternative is our destruction’. Today Israel is getting impatient with the diplomacy over Iran saying Iran’s exploiting the delay to get closer to a weapon. 10.56.02 Music 10.56.03 Paul Kenyon There are more signs the Iran issue is coming to a head. There’s been a well-choreographed push by America to put it on top of the world agenda. 10.56.11 Music 10.56.12 Condoleezza Rice The prospect of an Iranian nuclear weapon is deeply destabilising. 10.56.16 Music 10.56.18 Condoleezza Rice We do need a strong message to Iran, we need a united front. 10.56.22 Music 10.56.23 Condoleezza Rice It’s destabilising to Iran’s neighbours for a very good reason, it would be destabilising for people’s security internationally. 10.53.30 Music 10.56.32 Condoleezza Rice The Iranians need to be in compliance with their international obligations. 1056.37 Music 10.56.38 Paul Kenyon If talks with the three EU countries fail, Iran will be referred to the UN Security Council but any protracted diplomacy could tempt America or Israel to act alone. 10.56.48 Sirous Naseri They have been talking on an off about threats including military threats against Iran. First of all, it is, it is outrageous and we have told the Europeans, tell your American friends they, a nuclear weapon state is threatening safeguarded and other facilities in a non- nuclear weapons state. And this in and by itself is a major blow to the Non-proliferation Treaty that they claim to endure so much. This is a serious matter. 10.57.19 Stephen Rademaker As a policy, we never rule things in or out of this nature. I, I would simply say that where we are now, is that we are supporting the EU Three diplomatic effort and I’m not aware that as part of that effort, air strikes are being threatened. 10.57.34 Ali Akbar Salehi We don’t want to see any confrontation, our first choice is to see this whole issue is resolved peacefully and this is what we have done. We have done very far in doing our best in winning the confidence of the international community. 10.57.56 Paul Kenyon But Iran won’t be able to convince the international community it has no malicious intent unless it can convince the UN inspectors first. 10.58.07 Chris Charlier The agency should be confident that there is no other non-declared activities and nuclear material in Iran. 10.58.14 Paul Kenyon Are you confident? 10.58.15 Chris Charlier At this point no, and that’s why, you know, we don’t give them a green bill yet, you know, we still have a lot of work in front of us. 10.58.23 Music 10.58.23 Paul Kenyon Iran is determined to resume its nuclear programme and there’s a possibility there are more Iranian nuclear secrets. That means this is a crisis that’s unlikely to be resolved by diplomacy alone. 10.58.36 End music 10.58.39 Voice over Have your say on tonight’s show and explore a world of extra information, news stories and features by visiting our web site at: www.bbc.co.uk/thisworld Credits 10.58.37 Camera IAIN MAY RAY BRISLIN PATTI MUSICARO Additional Footage WILL DAWS ASHOK PRASAD Satellite Pictures GLOBALSECURITY.ORG DIGITAL GLOBE Dubbing Mixer CLIFF JONES Online Editor BOYD NAGLE Graphics DIMITRI KEVGAS ALEC EVES Production Team JULIA DANNENBERG LADONNA HALL Production Manager JANE WILLEY Unit Manager SUSAN CRIGHTON Film Research NICK DODD Assistant Producer OLLY BOOTLE Film Editors MIKE PAVETT RUTH HORNER Produced and Reported by PAUL KENYON 10.59.03 this world Editor KAREN O’CONNOR BBC © BBC MMV 10.59.06 End BBC This World: Iran’s Nuclear Secrets 1 1