Pataudi is among eight people who are accused of poaching in the north Indian state of Haryana.
Police have registered a case against them after the black buck and two rabbits were found in a car boot.
Pataudi played in 46 Tests and led India to their first Test win overseas when they beat New Zealand in 1967.
He has been charged under sections 9, 39 and 51 of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
The maximum sentence for this kind of offence is seven years in prison.
Police also recovered two guns and 50 cartridges from the car after it was stopped in a routine police check in Jhajjar on Friday night.
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