Anger boils over on the streets of Pakistan
Thousands of demonstrators battled police in the cities of Quetta and Peshawar, as General Musharraf tried to reassure Pakistanis that the military action in Afghanistan would be short and would cause few civilian casualties.
He said "the vast majority" of Pakistanis supported his government's decision to side with the US-led coalition and "extremists" could be controlled.
But demonstrators in Quetta - near the Afghan border and the Taleban's spiritual headquarters in Kandahar - torched buildings and vehicles.
Police tried to disperse them with baton charges and tear gas. There were reports that both police and protestors had fired automatic weapons in the air.
A man was killed by a stray bullet in Quetta and at least 10 people were in hospital with injuries, officials said.
Looting and burning
A building in the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) compound in Quetta was set ablaze, staff said.
Other buildings were attacked, including an office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees in the same compound.
There were reports that a cinema had been burned to the ground, and officials said a post office had been robbed.
Protesters shouting anti-western slogans marched towards a hotel where many foreign journalists were confined, presumably for their own safety. Police kept them away by firing tear gas.
The BBC's Daniel Lak in Quetta said the authorities appeared to have been caught by surprise.
He said General Musharraf's assertion that most Pakistanis supported him was probably correct, but there could be a backlash if civilians were killed in Afghanistan.
Afghanistan not the target
General Musharraf removed two pro-Taleban Pakistani generals from key positions, in a military reshuffle announced just before the strikes began on Sunday. The head of military intelligence was also removed.
The Pakistani leader stressed that it was not a war against Afghanistan.
The air attacks were being directed against "terrorist camps" near Afghan cities - not the cities themselves, he said.
The Taleban, he said, had been given every chance to avoid attack, but they had not handed over the Saudi-born militant Osama Bin Laden.
Pakistan's role
General Musharraf said Pakistan - the only country to maintain diplomatic relations with the Taleban - could act as a channel of communication "in best international interest".
He called for a massive rehabilitation effort after the strikes to help Afghanistan rebuild and achieve a stable, broad-based and multi-ethnic government.
But, he warned, Afghanistan's anti-Taleban Northern Alliance should not be allowed to take advantage of the US-led strikes.
He recalled the furious infighting which followed the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, which he described as a time of "anarchy and atrocities".
"The Northern Alliance must be kept in check so that we don't return to the period of anarchy," he said.
Root causes
The Pakistani leader said that the international community would eventually have to address "the roots of terrorism".
"The root lies in all the sense of deprivation, the sense of powerlessness, going around the world wherever there are disputes around the world and they're not being settled," he said.
Analysts said it was clear he was referring to the main grievances - the conflicts between Israel and the Palestinians and between Russia and the Chechens - repeatedly mentioned by Bin Laden and his supporters to try to justify the 11 September attacks in the United States.