Astronomers used the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
It comes from stars that died more than 10 billion years ago.
It is the first time stellar dust has been detected at such an early stage in the evolution of the Universe, say British scientists.
The instrument used one of the world's most powerful cameras to glimpse some of the most distant quasars yet known.
Analysis of the quasars' light revealed that it came from galaxies that were formed very early in the history of the Universe.
The quasars appear to contain large amounts of cool dust, a substance formed from the atmospheres of old stars.
Youthful Cosmos
"We're looking more than nine-tenths of the way back to the birth of the Universe in the Big Bang, " said team leader Dr Robert Priddey of Imperial College, London.
He added: "It`s amazing enough that these quasars, powered by billion solar mass black holes, should already exist only a billion years after the Big Bang.
"That these quasars also appear to contain so much dust yields important clues to the formation of massive galaxies in the youthful Cosmos."
Dr Richard McMahon of the University of Cambridge said: "The stars that made the carbon and silicon in these quasars are probably like the stars that made the carbon in our own bodies.
"It is very exciting to be able to learn when the chemical elements in our bodies were made."
Full details of the findings are presented on Friday 12 April at the National Astronomy Meeting in Bristol.