One of the lions WSPA found in a zoo in Indonesia
An international animal charity, the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA), says some zoos in Indonesia condemn many of their animals to cruelty and neglect.
Almost all, it says, failed to provide for some of the animals' most basic needs.
Half the animals seen by investigators had inadequate access to water. Many were starved or beaten to make them perform for visitors.
WSPA and one of its Indonesian member societies, Animal Conservation for Life (KSBK), have published a report, Caged Cruelty - An Inquiry Into Indonesian Zoos.
Cramped and dirty
It describes what their investigators found in a series of visits to ten zoos over five months in 2001.
The report says:
"Nearby, two other orang-utans, a mother and her baby, were found in an iron cage measuring 0.7 by 0.7 by two metres - about the size of a telephone box laid on its side."
In a park in Bali, they found a monkey, a pig-tailed macaque, kept in a cage so small it could not lie down properly, and with one leg chained to the bars.
Nearby, seven underfed lions were kept in cages measuring three square metres, with little shelter from the elements. Some were chained by the neck and had maggot-infested sores.
At another Javanese zoo were three elephants chained by their legs and able to move only a metre in any direction. One of them was chained by three legs.
Obvious misery
At many of the zoos, the report says, visitors were encouraged to feed the animals ice cream and sweets, and some were seen to offer orang-utans cigarettes.
At 80% of the zoos there were animal shows, "with orang-utans, bears and otters beaten and starved to make them perform".
The report says about half the animals showed evidence of stereotypical behaviour, a form of mental distress often found in captive animals, which manifested itself in repeated pacing or swaying.
It says the investigators also found evidence of an illegal trade in zoo animals like tigers and sun bears, "often after they have been falsely recorded as having died".
No refuge
All the zoos visited are members of the South East Asian Zoos Association (Seaza), whose stated aim is to "develop and maintain high standards of animal displays and welfare..."
Rob Laidlaw of WSPA said: "Indonesia is home to some of the worst zoos in the world today. These places are little more than squalid venues for the entertainment of overseas visitors and have nothing to do with animal welfare or conservation of endangered species."
WSPA and KSBK want animal shows ended immediately, and the closure of Perancak animal park in Bali, which they say was the worst zoo they saw.
They also want Indonesia to enact a national animal welfare law and a zoo licensing act.