Legal maze over Scud seizure

Washington let the shipment go after Yemen told the US ambassador to Sanaa that the missiles were destined for the Yemeni army "for defensive purposes" and would "not fall into the hands of a third party".

The interception - by Spanish warships acting on US intelligence - took place in international waters, about 960 kilometres (600 miles) off the Yemeni coast.

It would have been much harder if the ship had actually reached port.

Ben Sheppard, a defence analyst at Jane's Information Group, says the US and its allies have gone to great lengths to curb missile proliferation.

But such interceptions are "very much in a grey area" in international law.

Suspicious behaviour

Speaking after the Yemeni protest, White House spokesman Ari Fleischer said there was "no provision under international law prohibiting Yemen from accepting delivery of missiles from North Korea".

He said the US did have authority to "stop and search," but in this case did not have authority to seize the Scuds.

Yemen - now a valued ally in the US war on terror - gave Washington assurances that it would not transfer the missiles to anyone, he added.

The US and Spain could argue that the interception was justified because the ship was acting suspiciously. It was not flying a national flag and had an unmanifested cargo - both violations of international law, US officials say.

Eric Watkins, a Middle East shipping analyst, says the ship's actions come under what the US Navy describes as "suspicious behaviour".

"The term is applied to ships behaving irregularly and justifies them being tracked and boarded."

A Spanish warship fired warning shots before marines landed on board the ship and discovered the Scuds.

Under international maritime law vessels can be boarded if they act inappropriately - if there are suspicions that they are involved in arms or drugs smuggling.

And warning shots across the bows are accepted internationally as a last resort if a ship refuses to heed verbal warnings.

Coalition patrols

Warships from Spain, the UK, Germany and Australia - known as the Multinational Interception Force - are helping the US Navy to block arms shipments to Iraq in line with the UN embargo.

The US and its allies have stepped up naval patrols in the Gulf and the Indian Ocean under Operation Enduring Freedom - the campaign against Osama Bin Laden's al-Qaeda terror network.

Numerous ships have been intercepted in the drive to stop weapons reaching Iraq and to prevent al-Qaeda members escaping from Afghanistan to the Middle East or Horn of Africa.

But neither North Korea nor Yemen are bound by the Missile Control Technology Regime set up to control exports of long-range missiles.

"There is no clear legal framework for the interception," Mr Sheppard told BBC News Online.

The control regime prohibits the export of missiles with a range of more than 300 kilometres (186 miles).

So Scuds with a range of 300 km or less would not be covered by it - and in any case the countries adhering to it are not required to impose sanctions on offending countries or firms.

Surveillance

The Scud shipment was reportedly tracked all the way from the North Korean port where the missiles were loaded on to the ship.

"The US could say it knew the vessel was carrying Scuds - and that would make the US case far more credible," Mr Sheppard said.

The US could also argue that the missiles' final destination was unknown when the ship was boarded.

Curbing the proliferation of missiles around the world is now a central US policy goal in Washington's war on terror, and North Korean arms shipments come under close surveillance.

Washington imposed sanctions on North Korea after it supplied Yemen with Scud missiles in 1999-2000, in a deal which Yemen vigorously defended at the time.