Top health risks identified

A report by the World Health Organization has identified the top 10 preventable risks to health world-wide.

Top 10 preventable threats to health
Low weight children and mothers
Unsafe sex
High blood pressure
Tobacco
Alcohol
Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene
High cholesterol
Indoor smoke from solid fuels
Iron deficiency
Obesity

Together, they account for about 40% of the 56m deaths that occur world-wide each year.

The report also quantifies their impact in each region, and provides examples of cost-effective way to reduce the risk.

Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland, WHO director general, said: "This report provides a road map for how societies can tackle a wide range of preventable conditions that are killing millions of people prematurely and robbing tens of millions of healthy life.

"WHO will take this report and focus on the interventions that would work best in each region and on getting the information out to member countries."

Shocking differences

WHO calls the contrast between rich and poor people "shocking."

It says the burden from many of the risks is borne almost exclusively by the developing world.

For instance, 170m children in poor countries are underweight, mainly from lack of food. Poor nutrition is estimated to have caused 3.4m deaths in 2000, of which 1.8m were in Africa alone.

Under-nutrition was a contributing factor in more than half of all child deaths in developing countries.

In contrast, obesity is becoming a global problem - estimated to affect more than one billion adults world-wide.

Approximately 500,000 people in North America and Western Europe die from obesity-related diseases every year.

Tobacco already kills 5m people a year, and the WHO predicts that unless action is taken this will soar to 9m a year by 2020.

Life expectancy

World-wide deaths (Year 2000)
High blood pressure - 7.1m
Tobacco - 4.9m
High cholesterol - 4.4m
Poor nutrition - 3.4m
Unsafe sex - 2.9m

The WHO says that action to tackle preventable health risks could help to increase life expectancy by as much as 16 years in parts of Africa. The current life expectancy in Malawi is just 37.

Even in the richer countries, such as Europe, the United States, Australia, New Zealand and Japan, healthy life spans would increase by about five years.

Dr Christopher Murray, who took lead responsibility for the report, said: "Globally, we need to achieve a much better balance between preventing disease and merely treating its consequences.

"This can only come about with concerted action to identify and reduce major risks to health."

The WHO makes specific suggestions on how to combat each threat.

For instance, for blood pressure and cholesterol problems, countries should promote practices such as reducing salt in processed foods, cutting dietary fat, encouraging exercise, reducing smoking and eating more fruit and vegetables.