Most of the protesters were shipyard workers who had gone on strike in the northern cities of Gdansk and Gdynia, protesting at steep rises in the cost of food and other consumer goods.
Forty-four protesters died, and 1,000 were injured - 200 of them seriously.
The 77-year-old general, who denies the charges, appeared in court in his trademark sunglasses, using a stick to help him walk.
He was Poland's defence minister when the workers were shot dead as they protested against food price rises.
Most of the protesters were shipyard workers who had gone on strike in the northern cities of Gdansk and Gdynia, protesting at steep rises in the cost of food and other consumer goods.
General Jaruzelski, looking frail, made no comment as he walked past reporters to enter the Warsaw courtroom.
His health is so poor that the trial - originally opened in 1996 - has been repeatedly delayed.
This time, the court has agreed to limit hearings to three or four hours at a stretch, and doctors are expected to monitor his health throughout.
Outside the court, a small group of retired servicemen had gathered to offer him support, insisting that he was innocent.
"When he was defence minister, he did everything to avoid bloodshed," one of the supporters told journalists.
More than a decade after the shootings, General Jaruzelski become Poland's prime minister, staying in office from 1981 to 1989.
Solidarity
He imposed martial law soon after taking power, in a bid to quash the Solidarity workers' movement - also born in the shipyards of Gdansk.
But by the end of his time in office, he had authorised talks with Solidarity, and accepted Poland's transition to democracy under Lech Walesa's leadership.
The trial is expected to last at least a year.
The general faces a maximum prison sentence of 25 years if convicted.
He insists that the then Polish leader, Wladyslaw Gomulka, did not involve him in key decisions.