Ruling out those symbols was like saying that the older generation had lived useless and senseless lives, he added.
It means scrapping the current wordless anthem, a composition by the 19th-century composer Glinka.
In its place Russia would use the old Soviet tune but with new words.
The State Council also recommended reintroducing the Soviet red flag as the banner of the Russian armed forces.
But it called for the pre-Bolshevik red-blue-and-white tricolour to be retained as the national flag and the tsarist double-headed eagle as the coat-of-arms.
Popular decision
President Putin said he recognised there was opposition to the reintroduction of Soviet symbols, but insisted this was what the majority of Russians wanted.
Ruling out those symbols was like saying that the older generation had lived useless and senseless lives, he added.
Recent polls show that 46% of Russians favour reinstating the Soviet anthem, which is considered less complex and easier to remember than the current Russian one.
But liberal opposition groups Yabloko and the Union of Right Forces have opposed a return to the Soviet anthem, which they describe as a "symbol of the bloody crimes of Stalinism".
Heroic tune
Many older Russians associate the anthem more with the victory over Hitler than with Communist oppression.
The Soviet anthem was adopted after a competition in 1943 as Red Army troops began to turn the tables on the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front.
It replaced French composer Pierre Degeiter's International, which had been used since the revolution.
But it fell out of favour itself following the collapse of Soviet communism in 1991.
Former Russian President Boris Yeltsin replaced it with Glinka's tune, and reinstated pre-revolutionary symbols like the tricolour flag and double-headed eagle.
But hostility from the opposition-dominated Duma prevented Mr Yeltsin's decrees from being enshrined in law.