The figure means that the population has grown by 132.2 million since 1990, an increase of 11.7%, said Zhu Zhixin, Director-General of the National Bureau of Statistics.
Annual growth was 1.07% - down 0.4% from the rate in the 1980s.
But some analysts believe the latest figures underestimate the population growth.
Mr Zhu said the census showed that China's compulsory birth-control policies were effective in holding down population growth.
Since the late 1970s China has restricted urban couples and many rural families to just one child to reduce the strain on food production and other resources.
But BBC Beijing correspondent Rupert Wingfield-Hayes says that serious questions remain over the accuracy of the figures.
Hidden children
Counting China's massive population is extremely difficult, made only more so by its one child policy, as tens of millions of people with extra children are thought to have hidden them from the census takers for fear of being punished.
The total figure was substantially lower than independent estimates, which put the number of Chinese as high as 1.5 billion.
The census results also confirm fears that China's gender imbalance is growing at an alarming rate.
There are now 117 boys born in China for every 100 girls - way above the international norm of 106 boys for every 100 girls.
Female foetuses aborted
China's age-old preference for boys is being exacerbated, both by the one child policy and by modern technology, which can detect the sex of a child early in pregnancy.
Such technology has led to a massive growth in the abortion of female foetuses.
The census found 6.8 million people in Hong Kong and 440,000 people in Macau, according to Mr Zhu.
The report also said the figure included Taiwan, which Beijing does not control, but claims as part of its territory.
The self-governing island was found to have a population of 22.3 million - although Chinese officials did not comment on how the Taiwanese population figures were obtained.