Country profile: Bahrain

Bahrain - which name means "two seas" - was once viewed by the ancient Sumerians as an island paradise to which the wise and the brave were taken to enjoy eternal life.

It was one of the first states in the Gulf to discover oil and to build a refinery; as such, it benefited from oil wealth before most of its neighbours.

Overview

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Bahrain never reached the levels of production enjoyed by Kuwait or Saudi Arabia and has been forced to diversify its economy.

AT-A-GLANCE Politics: The al-Khalifah family has ruled since 1783; Bahrain is now a constitutional monarchy with an elected legislative assembly; majority Shiites are demanding more power from Sunni-led government Economy: Bahrain is a banking and financial services centre; its small and reasonably prosperous economy is less dependent on oil than most Gulf states International: Bahrain is home to the US Navy's Fifth Fleet Timeline

The country has been headed since 1783 by the al-Khalifah family, members of the Bani Utbah tribe, who expelled the Persians. From 1861, when a treaty was signed with Britain, until independence in 1971, Bahrain was virtually a British protectorate.

The king is the supreme authority and members of the Sunni Muslim ruling family hold the main political and military posts. There are long-running tensions between Bahrain's Sunnis and the Shi'ite Muslim majority. On occasion, these have spilled over into civil unrest.

In 2001 Bahrainis strongly backed proposals put by the emir - now the king - to turn the country into a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament and an independent judiciary.

Elections were duly held in 2002 for a 40-member parliament, the Council of Deputies. It was the first such poll in nearly 30 years. The new body included a dozen Shi'ite MPs.

The country has enjoyed increasing freedom of expression, and monitors say the human rights situation has improved. However, opposition groups and campaigners continue to press for political reforms, including greater powers for the elected assembly.

Bahrain - a chain of around 30 islands - is a haven for tourists from the region, who take advantage of its relaxed social environment. A close ally of the US, it is home to the American navy's Fifth Fleet.

Facts

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• Full name: Kingdom of Bahrain
• Population: 791,000 (UN, 2009)
• Capital: Manama
• Area: 717 sq km (277 sq miles)
• Major language: Arabic
• Major religion: Islam
• Life expectancy: 74 years (men), 77 years (women) (UN)
• Monetary unit: 1 Bahraini dinar = 1,000 fils
• Main exports: Petroleum and petroleum products, aluminium
• GNI per capita: US $19,350 (World Bank, 2007)
• Internet domain: .bh
• International dialling code: +973

Leaders

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King: Sheikh Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifah

Sheikh Hamad's title changed to king when Bahrain switched from being an emirate to a monarchy in February 2002.

Sheikh Hamad succeeded his father in 1999

He had been crown prince since 1964, when, on the death of his father Sheikh Isa in March 1999, he became emir.

Born in 1950, he was educated at a public school in Cambridge, England, and went on to study at Mons Officer Cadet School in Aldershot, England, and at the US Army Command and Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

In 1968, he founded and became commander-in-chief of the Bahrain Defence Force (BDF). He served as minister of defence from 1971 to 1988.

Media

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Bahrain is keen to promote itself as a regional media hub; the London-based pan-Arab satellite broadcaster MBC chose it as the base for its MBC-2 channel.

Most radio and TV stations are state-run. A 2008 study found that nearly 99% of Bahraini households had a satellite receiver.

A press law guarantees the right of journalists to operate independently, but they are liable to jail terms for offences which include insulting the king, and self-censorship is practised.

By March 2008, Bahrain had 250,000 internet users, around 35% of the population (ITU).

The press

• Akhbar al-Khaleej - private,daily
• Al-Ayam - private, daily
• Al-Wasat - private, daily
• Bahrain Tribune - English-language
• Gulf Daily News - English-language

Television

• Bahrain Radio and Television Corporation (BRTC) - state-run; operates five terrestrial TV networks
• Radio
• Bahrain Radio and Television Corporation (BRTC) - state-run; operates General Programme in Arabic, Second Programme featuring cultural and local programmes, Holy Koran Programme, Sports Service, English-language Radio Bahrain
• Voice FM - private, for Indian listeners

News agency

• Bahrain News Agency (BNA) - English-language pages