In a late-night phone call on Thursday, Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko agreed with Mr Putin that their two governments should meet at the weekend, her side said.
The conditions laid by one and the other side are so contrasting that this simply cannot work
But, after high-level talks in both Moscow and Kiev, Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico said he could not see how the two sides could be reconciled any time soon.
"I cannot imagine what would have to happen within 24 hours, or 48 hours, for the gas transit to resume," he said.
"It is practically impossible. The conditions laid by one and the other side are so contrasting that this simply cannot work," he told a news conference.
EU governments are becoming exasperated at Russia and Ukraine for failing to resolve their row, despite an apparent agreement to resume transit supplies of gas, reached on Monday, correspondents say.
Russia shut off gas supplies to Ukraine on New Year's Day, amid a contractual dispute over debts and prices.
It continued pumping gas across Ukraine to European customers, but then halted those supplies after accusing Kiev of siphoning some off.
The European Commission has warned Russian and Ukrainian gas companies that they could be sued for failing to meet their obligations.
Legal action is under way in Serbia, Hungary and Bulgaria, says the BBC's Nick Thorpe in Budapest.
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