EU enlargement past, present and future

Seven countries are waiting in the wings to join the European Union.

Croatia and Turkey started accession talks on 3 October 2005. Turkey could complete them in 15 years, Croatia by 2011.

The other Balkan countries have been told they can join the EU one day, if they meet the criteria. These include democracy, the rule of law, a market economy and adherence to the EU's goals of political and economic union.

ALBANIA

Albania is not expected to join the EU until 2015 at the earliest. It formally applied for membership on 28 April 2009.

A European Commission report in November 2008 urged Albania to do more to strengthen state administration and the courts, as well as to root out organised crime and corruption.

The EU and Albania concluded a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA), seen as the first step towards membership, in June 2006.

The negotiations took three-and-a-half years - three times longer than they took in Croatia's and Macedonia's case.

This is because the EU thought Albania was moving too slowly in the fight against corruption and organised crime. The EU also has doubts about Albania's energy sector, which suffers unstable supplies.

Country profile: Albania

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BOSNIA-HERCEGOVINA

Bosnia-Hercegovina is not expected to join the EU until 2015 at the earliest.

More than a decade after the 1992-5 war, it signed a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) with the EU in June 2008. The EU was satisfied with progress in four key areas - police reform, co-operation with the international war crimes tribunal, public broadcasting and public administration reform.

The EU maintains a peacekeeping force and a police mission in Bosnia-Hercegovina, where most Serbs live in the autonomous Republika Srpska. The Bosniak-Croat federation and Republika Srpska together form Bosnia-Hercegovina.

Bosnia's ethnic quarrels remain a worry for the EU, along with corruption and organised crime.

In January 2009 the international High Representative for Bosnia-Hercegovina, Miroslav Lajcak, announced he was stepping down early, to become Slovak foreign minister. He voiced frustration with the slow pace of Bosnia's reforms.

Country profile: Bosnia-Hercegovina

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CROATIA

Applied for membership: February 2003

Confirmed as candidate country: June 2004

Negotiations started: October 2005

A border dispute with neighbouring Slovenia - an EU member - is holding up Croatia's accession talks. Slovenia insists that the 17-year-old dispute must be resolved before Croatia can join.

The row threatens to scupper Croatia's plan to conclude accession talks this year and join the EU in 2010 or 2011.

There is further uncertainty about the timetable because of the controversy over EU institutional reforms under the Lisbon Treaty. The treaty itself has not yet been ratified by all member states.

Back in 2005 accession talks were delayed by seven months as Croatia struggled to convince the EU it was doing its best to find war crimes suspect Gen Ante Gotovina. He was arrested in the Canary Islands in December 2005.

The EU is urging Croatia to reform its judiciary, root out corruption, make more progress on minority rights and keep co-operating with the war crimes tribunal.

Organised crime remains a major concern. A prominent newspaper editor and his marketing chief were killed by a car bomb in Zagreb in October 2008. Earlier, the daughter of a prominent lawyer had been gunned down in the Croatian capital.

The EU has set an "indicative and conditional" timetable for completing accession negotiations.

Various "chapters" in the negotiations have opened, including economic policy, financial control, freedom to provide services, consumer and health protection, external relations.

Country profile: Croatia

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MACEDONIA

Applied for full membership: March 2004

Confirmed as candidate: December 2005

The European Commission welcomed the peaceful elections held in July 2006, but no date has yet been set for membership talks to begin. The commission is closely monitoring progress on political, economic and other reforms.

Hopes that accession talks would open in 2008 suffered a blow from election violence in June and a subsequent boycott of parliament by ethnic Albanian opposition parties.

Macedonia "does not yet meet the political criteria" to start membership talks, the European Commission says. It also complains that corruption is widespread.

A bitter dispute with Greece over Macedonia's name continues to hamper the country's bids to join the EU and Nato. Macedonia was admitted to the United Nations in 1993 using the temporary name of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Fyrom).

Greece argues that the name "Macedonia" cannot be monopolised by one country, and that doing so implies a territorial claim over the northern Greek region of the same name.

In a November 2008 interview, Macedonian Foreign Minister Antonio Milososki said "it is important that 125 countries worldwide have recognised Macedonia's constitutional name," and added: "we remain firm on our stance that only the Republic of Greece has a problem with Macedonia's constitutional name".

A date of 2012 has been suggested as a possible target for Macedonia to join the EU.

Country profile: Macedonia

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MONTENEGRO

Montenegro submitted its membership application in December 2008. The European Commission is due to give its opinion on the application in 2010 - then EU governments will decide whether to go ahead with accession talks.

Talks with the EU on a Stability and Association Agreement (SAA) began shortly after the country voted, in May 2006, to end its union with Serbia. The SAA was signed in October 2007.

Montenegro's Prime Minister, Milo Djukanovic, has said he hopes his country will succeed in joining the EU before neighbouring Serbia or Macedonia.

Country profile: Montenegro

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SERBIA

Serbia's arrest of former Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic in July 2008, after nearly 13 years on the run, drew EU praise for the new pro-Western government in Belgrade.

But Mr Karadzic's former military chief Ratko Mladic is still wanted on charges of crimes against humanity. The Netherlands wants Mr Mladic handed over before the EU formally puts Serbia on track to join.

The issue of co-operation with the international war crimes tribunal in The Hague has overshadowed Serbia's ambition to join the EU and end its years of relative isolation.

Serbia is aiming first for greater trade with the EU, and then an opportunity to discuss in detail the kind of economic and political reforms it would need to join the EU. Serbia signed a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) with the EU in April 2008, but it has not yet been ratified.

Belgrade's ties with the EU have been strained by Kosovo's declaration of independence - a declaration recognised by most EU members. Serbia insists that Kosovo remains part of its territory. Serbia is unlikely to join the EU until at least 2015.

But Serbia may get EU candidate status in 2009, provided it presses on with reforms and co-operation with the war crimes tribunal, the European Commission says.

Country profile: Serbia

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TURKEY

Applied for full membership: 1987

Confirmed as candidate: December 1999

Negotiations started: October 2005

Turkey met the last condition for accession talks in July 2005, when it extended a customs union with the EU to all new member states, including Cyprus.

However, it failed to ratify the customs union and its ports and airports remain closed to Cypriot traffic. The EU responded, in December 2006, by freezing accession talks in eight out of 35 policy areas.

Turkey's EU negotiations have made slow progress, amid concern about freedom of speech and democracy in Turkey, women's rights, civilian control of the military and the Cyprus tensions.

The European Commission has called on Turkey to strengthen democracy and human rights, underlining the need for deeper judicial reform.

But Turkey's bid may get fresh impetus from recent moves to restart the Cyprus peace talks and a Turkish Constitutional Court decision not to ban the ruling AK Party.

France's President Nicolas Sarkozy and a number of other senior politicians in the EU want Turkey to have a partnership deal with the EU, rather than full membership.

Some politicians worry that such a large, mainly Muslim country would change the whole character of the EU, while others point to the young labour force that Turkey could provide for an ageing Europe.

The UK Foreign Office says it expects Turkey to be ready for membership "in a decade or so".

Country profile: Turkey

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