The Gonzales memos

Mr Gonzales has defended a robust US policy

Alberto Gonzales, President George W Bush's nominee for attorney general, has faced tough questioning by the Senate Judiciary Committee considering his appointment.

Critics say his interpretation of guidelines on torture paved the way for human rights abuses like those at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq.

Two memos, written or ordered by Mr Gonzales in his role as the president's chief legal adviser, were at the heart of the questioning Mr Gonzales faced.

In January 25, 2002, a memo to President Bush from Mr Gonzales asserted:

• "I note that you have the constitutional authority to make the determination you made on January 18 that the [Geneva Convention] does not apply to al-Qaeda and the Taleban."

• "...this is a new type of warfare - one not contemplated in 1949 when the [Geneva Convention] was framed - and requires a new approach in our actions towards captured terrorists."

• "You should be aware that the Legal Adviser to the secretary of state (Colin Powell) has expressed a different view."

• That the US would continue to be constrained by its commitments to treat detainees humanely, by applicable treaty obligations, by minimum standards of treatment universally recognised by the nations of the world and by applicable military regulations regarding the treatment of detainees.

On August 1, 2002, Jay Bybee, an official at the justice department and now an appeals court judge, wrote a 50-page memo at the request of Mr Gonzales. In that memo, Mr Bybee asserted:

• "Physical pain amounting to torture must be equivalent in intensity to the pain accompanying serious physical injury, such as organ failure, impairment of bodily function, or even death."

• "Any effort by Congress to regulate the interrogation of battlefield combatants would violate the constitution's sole vesting of the commander-in-chief authority in the president."

• That if certain interrogation methods "crossed the line" of the US anti-torture laws, soldiers or US officials might defend themselves from prosecution if "the threat of an impending terrorist attack threatens the lives of hundreds if not thousands of American citizens".

The memo by Mr Bybee was disavowed by the Bush administration on 30 December 2004.