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Puntland, an arid region of north-east Somalia, declared itself an autonomous state in August 1998. The move was, in part, an attempt to avoid the clan warfare engulfing southern Somalia. Nevertheless, the region has endured armed conflict, and grabbed the world headlines with an upsurge in pirate attacks on international shipping in the Indian Ocean. Unlike its neighbour, breakaway Somaliland, Puntland says it does not seek recognition as an independent entity, wishing instead to be part of a federal Somalia.
Overview
The region's leadership refused to take part in peace talks in Djibouti in 2008 that led to the formation of a new transitional federal government headed by a moderate Islamist PM, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, but later reluctantly recognised the new administration. Sporadic fighting has broken out between Puntland and Somaliland over the ownership of the latter's Sool and Sanaag regions, which are claimed by Puntland on the basis of ethnicity. Violence also accompanied a political power struggle in 2001 between rival claimants to the Puntland leadership.
Piracy has become an attractive option for many in the impoverished region
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Livestock herding and fishing sustain the people - many of them nomads - of the drought-prone region. The money sent home from overseas workers is an important source of foreign exchange. Since 2005, the region has become famous as the hub of a burgeoning piracy operation in the seas around Somalia, particularly in the Gulf of Aden, where the pirates prey on key international shipping lanes to and from the Suez Canal. The issue has achieved a high profile internationally, and several states, including the US, France, Britain and China, have deployed warships to the seas around Somalia to protect shipping. Piracy has brought vast amounts of money into the region, leading to accusations that the authorities are turning a blind eye to the problem. Puntland's leaders have frequently promised to curb the pirates' activities, but with little apparent success. It is widely viewed a socially acceptable and lucrative lifestyle, and has attracted former fishermen, ex-militiamen and technical experts. Many in Somalia defend the attacks on foreign ships as a justified response to illegal fishing and the dumping of toxic waste along Somalia's long and poorly policed coastline. Puntland is a destination for many Somalis displaced by violence in the south; some of them attempt to make the sea crossing to Yemen. The region's coast was hit by the December 2004 Asian tsunami; more than 300 people were killed and thousands lost their livelihoods. The territory takes its name from the Land of Punt, a centre of trade for the ancient Egyptians and a place shrouded in legend. But the location of ancient Punt is still a matter of scholarly speculation.
Facts
- Territory: Puntland
- Status: Self-declared autonomous state
- Population: 2.4 million (Puntland government estimate, 2003)
- Capital: Garowe (administrative), Bosasso (commercial)
- Major languages: Somali, Arabic
- Major religion: Islam
- Life expectancy: n/a
- Monetary unit: Somali shilling
- Main export: Livestock
- GNI per capita: n/a
- International dialling code: +252
Leaders
Leader: Abdirahman Muhammad Mahmud "Farole" Abdirahman Muhammad was elected by parliament on 8 January 2009, defeating Gen Mahmud Muse Hirsi "Adde" Muse, who had been in power since 2005.
Abdirahman Muhammad was elected by parliament, defeating his predecessor
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Having served as finance minister in the previous administration, the new president campaigned on a platform of economic reform, improving the security situation, combating piracy and corruption, as well as criticism of allegedly illegal oil deals signed by his predecessor. On coming to power, Abdirahman Muhammad declared cracking down on piracy as his number one priority. However, there was no immediate concrete action, and the president said several months later that his government was "unable to do anything" about the pirates, instead urging foreign states to redouble their own efforts. Puntland is governed by a 66-member House of Representatives and a traditional council of elders. The territory's first leader, Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf, served a three-year term until 2001, when his attempt to extend his mandate triggered fierce fighting. Col Yusuf reclaimed the leadership in 2002 and led Puntland until his election as Somalia's transitional president in October 2004. He was known for his authoritarian approach. Mohamed Adde Muse agreed in November 2006 to introduce Islamic law in the territory, apparently following pressure from local Muslim and clan leaders, many of whom had threatened to revolt. In 2008 Adde Muse dismissed growing international accusations that he was sheltering the pirates involved in raids on ships in the Indian Ocean.
Media
Although Puntland's charter provides for freedom of the press, the authorities have resorted to detaining journalists and closing media outlets. Radio Galkayo is affiliated to the authorities. Private broadcasters are permitted to operate. No newspapers are currently published in Puntland. Television Radio
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