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The Great Game 12/11/01

What happens if and when the United States goal of ejecting the Taleban from government is achieved is the next big question

. Representatives from Afghanistan's six neighbours, along with Russia and America met to try agree what sort of government the country should have.

It looked suspiciously like a new version of the nineteenth century 'Great Game', with major powers trying to exert control over Afghanistan.

It did not succeed then, but the Afghans do not have a great record of sorting things out for themselves either.

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The Northern Alliance strategy 7/11/01

Anti-Taleban fighters One big question for Messrs. Bush and Blair remains their continuing dependence, for the near future at least, on the Northern Alliance to provide the bulk of the anti-Taleban effort on the ground in Afghanistan.

We may have seen plenty of television pictures of them trying to look fierce, but the fact remains that they are a ragbag which does not represent the majority ethnic community.

Their offensive on the capital has been prophesied more times than a Frank Sinatra farewell concert.

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The anti-war movement 7/11/01

Protesters against the air strikes have held vigils at Downing Street
 As far as we can tell from the opinion polls, the war in Afghanistan enjoys, if that is the word, the support of most of the British people.

Certainly, the anti-war argument, the suggestion that there might have been some alternative to the bombing of Afghanistan, does not get much of an airing in the House of Commons.

Jeremy Paxman discussed the anti-war movement with Michael Foot and Clive Soley

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Has someone been sitting on the FBI? 6/11/01

Bin Laden
 A document marked 'secret' tells some of the story of America's failures, before September 11th.

It is an FBI paper, obtained by Newsnight, which refers to the questionable links of a member of Osama Bin Laden's extended family.

But we have learned that US agents were told to "back off" from investigating the Bin Laden family and the Saudi Royals.

All of which lends credence to suspicions that, before the suicide hijackings last month, the US allowed its strategic interests in a relationship with Saudi Arabia to blunt its inquiries into groups with suspected terrorist connections.

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Could Taleban ideology cross into Pakistan? 2/11/01

Taleban soldiers push back Afghan refugees 
 More than 100,000 Afghans are now believed to have fled to Pakistan to escape the military action, according to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. This is despite the official closure of the border.

Pakistani officials have indicated that the country's support for the war in Afghanistan may be the reason why anthrax has apparently been sent to the offices of the country's biggest selling daily newspaper.

Pakistan is clearly under enormous pressure in this conflict, and it faces another threat - the possibility that Taleban ideology could be spreading into the country, with its threat of social repression, particularly for women.

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Battle that could make a sideshow out of Afghanistan 29/10/01

More than 5,000 people packed into St Dominic's Roman Catholic Church in Behawalpur in Pakistan.

They were there to mourn and to hear the priest call for forgiveness to be shown towards the gunmen who killed 16 Christians at worship.

The hunt for them is continuing but the government of Pakistan is making the startling claim that India might have been behind the massacre.

Relations between the two countries have deteriorated seriously since September 11th.

Robin Denselow, who's in Kashmir, explains why the dispute over the territory could eventually make Afghanistan look like a side-show.

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How will war artists deal with this conflict? 25/10/01

For the moment, the scenes of war if Afghanistan are all too graphic. Screaming jets, plumes of smoke, refugees, casualties.

But as the leaders of the coalition have been at pains to tell us, most of this battle will be invisible - from freezing of assets, to secret operations which we may never hear about.

Traditionally the war artists have recorded great set piece battle scenes, or more recently utter anguish in the paintings of Peter Howson who went to Bosnia, but how will they deal with this new style of conflict?

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A new government for Afghanistan 24/10/01

Pir Gailani convened the meeting 
As the Americans intensified their air strikes against Taleban positions, hundreds of other Afghans gathered in Peshawar, just over the Pakistan border.

They were, they claimed, thinking about a government for the country once the Taleban has been destroyed.

Any resemblance to the meeting of the Founding Fathers of the United States was entirely......absent.

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What does the exodus signify 22/10/01

Refugees
Taleban propaganda was claiming that American planes had bombed a hospital and killed a hundred people.

The Americans dismiss the allegation out of hand.

What is indisputable is that large numbers of people are trying desperately to escape the country.

Thousands of them are trapped - unable to get into Pakistan and go back to Afghanistan.

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On the frontline 17/10/01

Northern Alliance forces
The American campaign has now moved into a second stage, with more heavy bombing reported to be underway.

As far as we have been told, the campaign is still purely being fought from the air, but things are changing.

The American change of tactic is going to delight the Northern Alliance, the group of disparate, ethnically unrepresentative warlords fighting the Taleban.

Tim Whewell, has been with them for the last couple of weeks and reports now from the frontline.

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On the ground with one of the warlords 15/10/01

Northern Alliance forces
Daylight and night time bombing raids over Afghanistan were accompanied by leaflet drops over the territory aimed at reassuring Afghans that the terrorists not they are the target. It was the first such drop since the bombing began.

One showed a Western soldier in camouflage and helmet, shaking hands with an Afghan in traditional dress in front of a mountain.

Meanwhile the Afghan opposition forces have been waiting for the moment to move to overthrow the Taleban.

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The Prime Minister 10/10/01

Tony Blair
First, George Bush said the world had to choose - either it was with America or with the terrorists.

Mullah Omar, the leader of the Taleban, called on every Muslim to fight America. In the face of such calls, Tony Blair is in the Middle East, trying to reassert the line that this is not a struggle between the West and Islam.

But with Islamic countries also meeting in the Gulf, and making uncertain noises about the existing military action, it looks increasingly like an uphill struggle.

Martha Kearney was with the Prime Minister in Oman and asked him how sure he was of catching Osama Bin Laden.

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Where this crisis is heading 10/10/01

Jeremy Paxman explored whether this campaign can side-step the trap laid by Bin Laden, and avoid being seen as the prophesied clash of civilisations.

His guests were Jonathan Freedland, Richard Perle, Professor Kana Makiya and Dr Mai Yamani.

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What happens next? 9/10/01

Senator John Warner
America launched round the clock air strikes on Afghanistan, but just hours later Defence Secretary, Donald Rumsfeld, admitted they were running out of targets to hit.

He said Taleban air defences and communications systems had been shattered by three days of bombs and cruise missiles, but refused to comment on whether the US military would now aid any Afghan opposition offensive.

Kirsty Wark spoke to Senator John Warner - the senior Republican on the Armed Forces Committee who spent two hours with Donald Rumsfeld the US Defence Secretary the day before.

Kirsty asked him whether ground forces are next.

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Reaction of ordinary people in Northern Afghanistan 8/10/01

Northern Alliance
The Americans claim to be satisfied with the campaign so far, but their Defence Secretary warned that cruise missiles were "no silver bullet".

While he played down expectations of a rapid victory over the Taleban - he did not rule out providing air cover to the regime's enemies - the Northern Alliance.

Tim Whewell was in Khawja Bahauddin, one of their garrison towns in Northern Afghanistan.

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State Department spokesman Ambassador Boucher 3/10/01

Ambassador Boucher
There have been so many reports in the news media that military strikes against the Taleban are imminent that only a fool would venture another.

Was the American Defence Secretary in Saudi Arabia and Tony Blair off to Moscow because action is days away, or because much still needs to be put in place before there can be any action?

The Defence Secretary said that the key intelligence weapon would be a 'scrap of information from some person in some country that's been repressed by a dictatorial regime.'

Jeremy Paxman spoke to Ambassador Boucher, spokesman for the State Department. He asked him if the aim of Donald Rumsfeld's diplomatic mission was to re-enforce America's coalition against terrorism?

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