The United States reacted to the nuclear tests by announcing sanctions against Pakistan -- as it did against India two weeks ago.

President Clinton said the Pakistanis had lost a priceless opportunity to strengthen their political standing.

Japan -- Pakistan's biggest aid donor -- said it was suspending new loans and grants to Islamabad, and it urged international financial bodies to adopt caution in assisting Pakistan.

China expressed deep regret, while Russia and NATO jointly criticised what they called the developing arms race in South Asia.

The United Nations deplored the tests, and the European Union said it was disappointed.

India said its own decision to carry out tests had been vindicated.