Researchers from the Tokyo Institute of Technology have calculated that about 1.12 billion tonnes of water leaks into the Earth each year. Although a lot of water also moves in the other direction, not enough comes to the surface to balance what is lost.

Eventually, lead researcher Shigenori Maruyama and his colleagues believe, all of it will disappear.

Could Earth go the same way as Mars?

"Earth's surface will look very much like the surface of Mars, where a similar process seems to have taken place," Maruyama tells the latest edition of New Scientist magazine.

The water drains away at subduction zones, where the rock of the sea floor dives under the crustal rock that forms the continents. It is bound up in minerals in the transition zone, a layer of rock in the mantle that extends 400 to 650 kilometres below the surface of the Earth.

Geoscientists believe the water can return through volcanic hot spots and mid-ocean ridges, where molten rock from the upper mantle is pushed up through the Earth's crust. But the Tokyo calculations suggest only 0.23 billion tonnes makes it back each year - substantially less than is required to equalise the flows.

Water seeps into the Earth's interior at subduction zones

Maruyama bases his calculations on estimates of the volumes of rock being moved up and down, together with experiments showing how much water is absorbed and released by the minerals and under what conditions.

His figures, which he describes as conservative, suggest the leakage has caused sea levels to drop by around 600 metres in the last 750 million years. This trend has been largely obscured in the geological record by shorter-term variations in sea levels.

Maruyama will present his findings at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco in December.